Alzheimer's disease (patient information): Difference between revisions
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{{Alzheimer's disease (patient information)}} | {{Alzheimer's disease (patient information)}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' Meagan E. Doherty | {{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-in-Chief:''' Meagan E. Doherty, {{HW}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a [[brain]] disease that slowly destroys a patient's [[memory]] and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Memory problems are one of the first signs of Alzheimer's. Patients may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. Over time, symptoms generally worsen; associated problems can include getting lost, repeating questions, and taking longer than normal to finish daily tasks. As the disease progresses, patients may have trouble learning new things, recognizing family and friends, and communicating. Eventually, they will require total care. | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a [[brain]] disease that slowly destroys a patient's [[memory]] and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. [[Memory]] problems are one of the first signs of Alzheimer's disease. Patients may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. Over time, [[symptoms]] generally worsen; associated problems can include getting lost, repeating questions, and taking longer than normal to finish daily tasks. As the disease progresses, patients may have trouble learning new things, recognizing family and friends, and communicating. Eventually, they will require total care. | ||
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of [[dementia]] among older people. [[Dementia]] is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills that interferes with a person's daily life and activities. Other causes of dementia include blood vessel disease in the [[brain]] (called [[vascular dementia]]), [[Parkinson's disease]], [[frontotemporal dementia]], and [[Lewy body dementia]]. | Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of [[dementia]] among older people. [[Dementia]] is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills that interferes with a person's daily life and activities. Other causes of [[dementia]] include [[blood vessel]] disease in the [[brain]] (called [[vascular dementia]]), [[Parkinson's disease]], [[frontotemporal dementia]], and [[Lewy body dementia]]. | ||
There are two types of AD: '''early onset''' and '''late onset'''. | There are two types of AD: '''early onset''' and '''late onset'''. | ||
* In '''early onset AD''', symptoms first appear before age 60. Early onset AD is much less common than late onset. Early onset AD tends to progress rapidly and can run in families. Several related genes have been identified. | * In '''early onset AD''', [[symptoms]] first appear before age 60. Early onset AD is much less common than late onset. Early onset AD tends to progress rapidly and can run in families. Several related genes have been identified. | ||
* '''Late onset AD''', the more common form of the disease, develops in people age 60 and older. Late onset AD may run in some families, but the role of genes in the development of the disorder is less clear. | * '''Late onset AD''', the more common form of the disease, develops in people age 60 and older. Late onset AD may run in some families, but the role of [[genes]] in the development of the disorder is less clear. | ||
==What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?== | ==What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?== | ||
'''Dementia symptoms | '''[[Dementia]] symptoms involve difficulty with many areas of mental function, including:''' | ||
* Language | * Language | ||
* Memory | * [[Memory]] | ||
* Perception | * [[Perception]] | ||
* Emotional behavior or personality | * Emotional behavior or personality | ||
* Cognitive skills (such as calculation, abstract thinking, or judgment | * [[Cognition|Cognitive]] skills (such as calculation, abstract thinking, or judgment) | ||
Dementia usually first | [[Dementia]] usually first manifests as [[forgetfulness]]. | ||
Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging | [[Mild cognitive impairment]] is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging and the development of AD. People with [[Mild cognitive impairment|MCI]] have mild problems with thinking and [[memory]] that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with [[Mild cognitive impairment|MCI]] develops AD. | ||
'''Symptoms of | '''Symptoms of [[mild cognitive impairment]] include:''' | ||
* Forgetting recent events or conversations | * Forgetting recent events or conversations | ||
* Difficulty performing more than one task at a time | * Difficulty performing more than one task at a time | ||
* Difficulty solving problems | * Difficulty solving problems | ||
* Taking longer to perform more difficult activities | * Taking longer than normal to perform more difficult activities | ||
'''The early symptoms of AD can include:''' | '''The early symptoms of AD can include:''' | ||
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* Getting lost on familiar routes | * Getting lost on familiar routes | ||
* Personality changes and loss of social skills | * Personality changes and loss of social skills | ||
* Losing interest in things previously enjoyed | * Losing interest in things previously enjoyed; [[Flat affect|flat mood]] | ||
* Difficulty performing tasks that | * Difficulty performing tasks that require some thought, but which used to come easily (e.g., balancing a checkbook, playing complex games such as bridge, and learning new information or routines) | ||
'''As the AD becomes worse, symptoms | '''As the AD becomes worse, [[symptoms]] become more obvious and interfere with the patient's ability to take care of himself/herself. [[Symptoms]] can include:''' | ||
* Forgetting details about current events | * Forgetting details about current events | ||
* Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of who you are | * Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of who you are | ||
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* Using the wrong word, mispronouncing words, speaking in confusing sentences | * Using the wrong word, mispronouncing words, speaking in confusing sentences | ||
* Withdrawing from social contact | * Withdrawing from social contact | ||
* Having hallucinations, arguments, striking out, and violent behavior | * Having [[hallucinations]], arguments, striking out, and exhibiting violent behavior | ||
* Having delusions | * Having [[delusions]]; experiencing [[depression]] and/or [[agitation]] | ||
* Difficulty | * Difficulty carrying out basic tasks, such as preparing meals, choosing proper clothing, and driving | ||
'''People with severe AD can no longer:''' | '''People with severe AD can no longer:''' | ||
* Understand language | * Understand language | ||
* Recognize family members | * Recognize family members | ||
* Perform basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing | * Perform the basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing | ||
'''Other symptoms that may occur with AD:''' | '''Other symptoms that may occur with AD:''' | ||
* Incontinence | * [[Incontinence]] | ||
* Swallowing problems | * [[Swallowing problems]] | ||
==What causes Alzheimer's disease?== | ==What causes Alzheimer's disease?== | ||
Scientists | * Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer’s disease, but it is clear that it develops because of a complex series of events that take place in the [[brain]] over a long period of time. It is likely that the causes include [[genetic]], environmental, and lifestyle factors. Because people differ in their genetic make-up and lifestyle, the importance of these factors in preventing or delaying Alzheimer’s differs from person to person. | ||
* In a very small number of families, people develop Alzheimer’s disease in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. Many of these people have a [[mutation]], or permanent change, in one of three genes that they [[inherited]] from a parent. We know that these [[Gene mutation|gene mutations]] cause Alzheimer’s in these “early-onset” [[familial]] cases. Not all early-onset cases are caused by such [[mutations]]. | |||
In a very | * Most people with Alzheimer’s disease have “late-onset” Alzheimer’s, which usually develops after age 60. Many studies have linked a gene called [[APOE]] to late-onset Alzheimer’s. This [[gene]] has several forms. One of them, [[APOE]] ε4, increases a person’s risk of getting the disease. About 40 percent of all people who develop late-onset Alzheimer’s carry this gene. However, carrying the [[APOE]] ε4 form of the [[gene]] does not necessarily mean that a person will develop Alzheimer’s disease, and people carrying no [[APOE]] ε4 forms can also develop the disease. | ||
* Most experts believe that additional [[genes]] may influence the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s in some way. Scientists around the world are searching for these genes. Researchers have identified variants of the [[SORL1]], CLU, [[PICALM]], and CR1 [[genes]] that may play a role in risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s. | |||
Most people with Alzheimer’s disease have “late-onset” Alzheimer’s, which usually develops after age 60. Many studies have linked a gene called APOE to late-onset Alzheimer’s. This gene has several forms. One of them, APOE ε4, increases a person’s risk of getting the disease. About 40 percent of all people who develop late-onset Alzheimer’s carry this gene. However, carrying the APOE ε4 form of the gene does not necessarily mean that a person will develop Alzheimer’s disease, and people carrying no APOE ε4 forms can also develop the disease. | |||
Most experts believe that additional genes may influence the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s in some way. Scientists around the world are searching for these genes. Researchers have identified variants of the SORL1, CLU, PICALM, and CR1 genes that may play a role in risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s. | |||
===Lifestyle Factors=== | ===Lifestyle Factors=== | ||
A nutritious diet, physical activity, social engagement, and mentally stimulating pursuits can all help people stay healthy. New research suggests the possibility that these factors also might help to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists are investigating associations between cognitive decline and vascular and metabolic conditions such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. Understanding these relationships and testing them in clinical trials will help us understand whether reducing risk factors for these diseases may help with Alzheimer’s as well. | A [[Nutrition|nutritious]] [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[physical activity]], social engagement, and mentally stimulating pursuits can all help people stay healthy. New research suggests the possibility that these factors also might help to reduce the risk of [[Cognitive impairment|cognitive decline]] and Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists are investigating associations between cognitive decline and [[vascular]] and [[metabolic]] conditions such as [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[high blood pressure]], [[diabetes]], and [[obesity]]. Understanding these relationships and testing them in clinical trials will help us understand whether reducing [[risk factors]] for these diseases may help with Alzheimer’s as well. | ||
==Who is at highest risk?== | ==Who is at highest risk?== | ||
*'''Age and family history''' are risk factors for AD. | *'''Age''' and '''family history''' are the best-understood risk factors for AD. | ||
:*As you get older, your risk of developing AD | :*As you get older, your risk of developing AD increases. Nonetheless, developing Alzheimer's disease is ''not'' a normal aspect of the [[aging process]]. | ||
:*Having a close blood relative, such as a brother, sister, or parent who developed AD increases your risk. | :*Having a close blood relative, such as a brother, sister, or parent who developed AD increases your risk for developing AD. | ||
:*Having certain combination of genes for proteins that appear to be abnormal in Alzheimer's disease also increases your risk. | :*Having certain combination of genes for proteins that appear to be abnormal in Alzheimer's disease also increases your risk. | ||
* | *Other risk factors that are not as well understood include: | ||
:*Longstanding high blood pressure | :*Longstanding [[high blood pressure]] | ||
:*History of head trauma | :*History of [[head trauma]] | ||
:*Female gender | :*Female gender | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
*'''Alzheimer’s disease can be definitively diagnosed only after death by linking clinical course with an examination of brain tissue and pathology in an autopsy.''' But doctors now have several methods and tools to help them determine fairly accurately whether a person who is having memory problems has “possible Alzheimer’s disease” (dementia may be due to another cause) or “probable Alzheimer’s disease” (no other cause for dementia can be | *'''Alzheimer’s disease can be definitively diagnosed only after death by linking clinical course with an examination of [[brain tissue]] and pathology in an [[autopsy]].''' But doctors now have several methods and tools to help them determine fairly accurately whether a person who is having memory problems has “possible Alzheimer’s disease” ([[dementia]] may be due to another cause) or “probable Alzheimer’s disease” (no other cause for [[dementia]] can be identified). To diagnose Alzheimer’s, doctors: | ||
:*ask questions about the person’s overall health, past medical problems, ability to carry out daily activities, and changes in behavior and personal | :*ask questions about the person’s overall health, past medical problems, ability to carry out daily activities, and changes in behavior and personal life | ||
:*conduct diagnostic tests of memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language | :*conduct diagnostic tests of [[memory]], problem-solving, [[attention]], counting, and language | ||
:*carry out medical tests, such as tests of blood, urine, or spinal fluid | :*carry out medical tests, such as tests of [[blood]], [[urine]], or [[spinal fluid]] | ||
:*perform brain scans, such as computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | :*perform brain scans, such as [[computerized tomography]] (CT) or [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) | ||
::*In the early stages of dementia, brain image scans may be normal. In later stages, an MRI may show a decrease in the size of different areas of the brain. | ::*In the early stages of [[dementia]], brain image scans may be normal. In later stages, an [[MRI]] may show a decrease in the size of different areas of the brain. | ||
::*While the scans do not confirm the diagnosis of AD, they | ::*While the scans do not confirm the diagnosis of AD, they can exclude other causes of dementia (such as [[stroke]] and [[tumor]]). | ||
*These tests may be repeated to give doctors information about how the person’s memory is changing over time. | *These tests may be repeated at various points to give doctors information about how the person’s [[memory]] is changing over time. | ||
*Tests may be ordered to help ''' | *Tests may be ordered to help determine whether '''other medical problems''' could be causing (or exacerbating) a patient's [[dementia]]. These conditions include: | ||
:*Thyroid disease | :*[[Thyroid disease]] | ||
:*Vitamin deficiency | :*[[Vitamin deficiency]] | ||
:*Brain tumor | :*[[Brain tumor]] | ||
:*[[Stroke (patient information)|Stroke]] | :*[[Stroke (patient information)|Stroke]] | ||
:*Intoxication from medication | :*Intoxication from medication | ||
| Line 105: | Line 102: | ||
==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ==When to seek urgent medical care?== | ||
*Call your health care provider if someone close to you experiences symptoms of senile dementia/Alzheimer's | *Call your health care provider if someone close to you experiences symptoms of [[senile dementia]]/[[Alzheimer's disease]]. | ||
*Call your health care provider if a person with this disorder experiences a sudden change in mental status. (A rapid change may indicate | *Call your health care provider if a person with this disorder experiences a sudden change in [[mental status]]. (A rapid change may indicate the presence of another illness.) | ||
*Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are caring for a person with this disorder and the condition deteriorates to the point where you can no longer care for the person in your home. | *Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are caring for a person with this disorder and the condition deteriorates to the point where you can no longer care for the person in your home. | ||
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Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. The goals in treating AD are to: | Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. The goals in treating AD are to: | ||
* Slow the progression of the disease (although this is difficult to do) | * Slow the progression of the disease (although this is difficult to do) | ||
* Manage behavior problems, confusion, sleep problems, and agitation | * Manage behavior problems, [[confusion]], sleep problems, and [[agitation]] | ||
* Modify the home environment | * Modify the home environment | ||
* Support family members and other caregivers | * Support family members and other caregivers | ||
===Drug therapy=== | ===Drug therapy=== | ||
Most drugs used to treat Alzheimer's are aimed at slowing the rate at which symptoms | Most drugs used to treat Alzheimer's are aimed at slowing the rate at which symptoms worsen. The benefit from these drugs is often small, and patients and their families may not always notice much of a change. | ||
Patients and caregivers should ask their doctors the following questions about whether and when to use these drugs: | Patients and caregivers should ask their doctors the following questions about whether and when to use these drugs: | ||
* What are the potential side effects of the medicine and are they worth the risk, given that there will likely be only a small change in behavior or function? | * What are the potential [[side effects]] of the medicine and are they worth the risk, given that there will likely be only a small change in behavior or function? | ||
* When is the best time, if any, to use these drugs in the course of Alzheimer's disease? | * When is the best time, if any, to use these drugs in the course of Alzheimer's disease? | ||
'''Two types of medicine are available:''' | '''Two types of medicine are available:''' | ||
* [[Donepezil]] ([[Aricept]]), [[rivastigmine]] ([[Exelon]]), and [[galantamine]] ([[Razadyne]], formerly called [[Reminyl]]) affect the | * [[Donepezil]] ([[Aricept]]), [[rivastigmine]] ([[Exelon]]), and [[galantamine]] ([[Razadyne]], formerly called [[Reminyl]]) affect the levels of a chemical in the [[brain]] called [[acetylcholine]]. Side effects include [[indigestion]], [[diarrhea]], [[loss of appetite]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]], and [[fatigue]]. | ||
* [[Memantine]] ([[Namenda]]) is another type of drug approved for | * [[Memantine]] ([[Namenda]]) is another type of drug approved for the treatment of AD. Possible side effects include [[agitation]] and [[anxiety]]. | ||
Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors. These are usually | Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors. These are usually administered in very low doses. | ||
It may be necessary to | It may be necessary to discontinue the use of any medications that make [[confusion]] worse. Such medicines may include [[painkillers]], [[cimetidine]], [[central nervous system]] [[depressants]], [[antihistamines]], sleeping pills, and others. Never change or stop taking any medicines without first talking to your doctor. | ||
===Supplement therapy=== | ===Supplement therapy=== | ||
Many people take [[folate]] ([[vitamin B9]]), [[vitamin B12]], and [[vitamin E]]. However, there is no strong evidence that taking these vitamins prevents AD or slows the disease once it occurs. | Many people take [[folate]] ([[vitamin B9]]), [[vitamin B12]], and [[vitamin E]]. However, there is no strong evidence that taking these [[vitamins]] prevents AD or slows the progression of the disease once it occurs. | ||
Some people believe that the herb [[ginkgo biloba]] | Some people believe that the herb [[ginkgo biloba]] can prevent or slow the development of [[dementia]]. However, rigorous studies have failed to show that ingesting this herb lowers a person's odds of developing [[dementia]]. '''Do ''not'' use ginkgo if you take blood-thinning medications like [[warfarin]] ([[Coumadin]]) or a class of [[antidepressants]] called [[monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] ([[MAOIs]]).''' | ||
If you are considering any drugs or supplements, you should talk to your doctor first. Remember that herbs and supplements available over the counter are | If you are considering taking any drugs or supplements, you should talk to your doctor first. Remember that herbs and [[supplements]] available [[over the counter]] are '''not''' regulated by the FDA. | ||
==Diseases with similar symptoms== | ==Diseases with similar symptoms== | ||
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*[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]] (CJD) | *[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]] (CJD) | ||
*[[Clinical depression (patient information)|Depression]] | *[[Clinical depression (patient information)|Depression]] | ||
*[[Normal | *[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]] | ||
*[[Pick's disease]] | *[[Pick's disease]] | ||
*[[Lewy | *[[Lewy body dementia]] | ||
*[[Binswanger's disease]] | *[[Binswanger's disease]] | ||
*[[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (patient information)|Wernicke-Korsakoff]] | *[[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (patient information)|Wernicke-Korsakoff]] | ||
*Brain | *[[Brain tumors]] | ||
*Infection | *[[Infection]] | ||
* | *[[Thyroid]] problems | ||
*Vitamin B12 deficiency | *[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]] | ||
==Where to find medical care for Alzheimer's disease?== | ==Where to find medical care for Alzheimer's disease?== | ||
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==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Although there is '''no proven way to prevent AD''', there are some practices that may be worth incorporating into your daily routine, particularly if you have a family history of dementia. Talk to your doctor | Although there is '''no proven way to prevent AD''', there are some practices that may be worth incorporating into your daily routine, particularly if you have a [[family history]] of [[dementia]]. Talk to your doctor before implementing any of these approaches, especially those that involve taking a [[medication]] or [[supplement]]. | ||
* Consume a low-fat diet. | * Consume a [[low-fat diet]]. | ||
* Eat cold-water fish (like tuna, salmon, and mackerel) rich in omega-3 fatty acids | * Eat cold-water fish (like tuna, salmon, and mackerel) rich in [[omega-3 fatty acids]] at least 2 to 3 times per week. | ||
* Reduce your intake of linoleic acid found in margarine, butter, and dairy products. | * Reduce your intake of [[linoleic acid]], which is found in margarine, butter, and dairy products. | ||
* Increase antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C by eating plenty of darkly colored fruits and vegetables. | * Increase consumption of [[antioxidants]] like [[carotenoids]], [[vitamin E]], and [[vitamin C]] by eating plenty of darkly colored fruits and vegetables. | ||
* Maintain a normal blood pressure. | * Maintain a [[normal blood pressure]]. | ||
* Stay mentally and socially active throughout your life. | * Stay mentally and socially active throughout your life. | ||
* Consider taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), sulindac (Clinoril), or indomethacin (Indocin). | * Consider taking [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (NSAIDs) like [[ibuprofen]] (Advil, Motrin), [[sulindac]] (Clinoril), or [[indomethacin (oral)|indomethacin]] (Indocin). [[Statins]], a class of medications normally used for the treatment of [[high cholesterol]], may help lower your risk of AD. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using these medications for preventive purposes. | ||
In addition, early testing of a vaccine against AD is underway. | In addition, early testing of a [[vaccine]] against AD is currently underway. | ||
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?== | ||
* The trajectory of AD is different for each person. If AD develops quickly, it is more likely to worsen quickly. | |||
* Patients with AD often die earlier than normal, although a patient may live anywhere from 3 to 20 years after being diagnosed. | |||
Patients with AD often die earlier than normal, although a patient may live anywhere from 3 | * The final phase of the disease may last from a few months to several years. During that time, the patient becomes immobile and totally disabled. | ||
* Death usually occurs from an [[infection]] or a failure of other body systems. | |||
The final phase of the disease may last from a few months to several years. During that time, the patient becomes immobile and totally disabled. | |||
Death usually occurs from an infection or a failure of other body systems. | |||
==Possible complications== | ==Possible complications== | ||
* Loss of ability to function or care for | Possible complications of Alzheimer's disease include: | ||
* Bedsores, muscle contractures (loss of ability to move joints | * Loss of ability to function or care for oneself | ||
* Falls and broken bones | * [[Bedsores]], muscle contractures (loss of ability to move [[joints]] due to loss of muscle function), [[infection]] (particularly [[urinary tract infections]] and [[pneumonia]]), and other complications related to immobility during end stages of AD | ||
* Loss of ability to interact | * Falls and [[broken bones]] | ||
* Malnutrition and dehydration | * Loss of ability to interact with others | ||
* [[Malnutrition]] and [[dehydration]] | |||
* Failure of body systems | * Failure of body systems | ||
* Harmful or violent behavior toward | * Harmful or violent behavior toward oneself or others | ||
* Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver | * Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver | ||
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*http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/adfact.htm | *http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/adfact.htm | ||
*http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000760.htm | *http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000760.htm | ||
*http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/toc. | *http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/toc.htm | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Patient information]] | [[Category:Patient information]] | ||
[[Category:Neurology]] | [[Category:Neurology]] | ||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | [[Category:Psychiatry]] | ||
[[Category:Geriatrics]] | [[Category:Geriatrics]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:07, 21 September 2017
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
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Alzheimer's disease |
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Alzheimer's disease On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor-in-Chief: Meagan E. Doherty, Haleigh Williams, B.S.
Overview
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disease that slowly destroys a patient's memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. Memory problems are one of the first signs of Alzheimer's disease. Patients may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. Over time, symptoms generally worsen; associated problems can include getting lost, repeating questions, and taking longer than normal to finish daily tasks. As the disease progresses, patients may have trouble learning new things, recognizing family and friends, and communicating. Eventually, they will require total care.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia among older people. Dementia is a loss of thinking, remembering, and reasoning skills that interferes with a person's daily life and activities. Other causes of dementia include blood vessel disease in the brain (called vascular dementia), Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia.
There are two types of AD: early onset and late onset.
- In early onset AD, symptoms first appear before age 60. Early onset AD is much less common than late onset. Early onset AD tends to progress rapidly and can run in families. Several related genes have been identified.
- Late onset AD, the more common form of the disease, develops in people age 60 and older. Late onset AD may run in some families, but the role of genes in the development of the disorder is less clear.
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Dementia symptoms involve difficulty with many areas of mental function, including:
- Language
- Memory
- Perception
- Emotional behavior or personality
- Cognitive skills (such as calculation, abstract thinking, or judgment)
Dementia usually first manifests as forgetfulness.
Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging and the development of AD. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with MCI develops AD.
Symptoms of mild cognitive impairment include:
- Forgetting recent events or conversations
- Difficulty performing more than one task at a time
- Difficulty solving problems
- Taking longer than normal to perform more difficult activities
The early symptoms of AD can include:
- Language problems, such as trouble finding the name of familiar objects
- Misplacing items
- Getting lost on familiar routes
- Personality changes and loss of social skills
- Losing interest in things previously enjoyed; flat mood
- Difficulty performing tasks that require some thought, but which used to come easily (e.g., balancing a checkbook, playing complex games such as bridge, and learning new information or routines)
As the AD becomes worse, symptoms become more obvious and interfere with the patient's ability to take care of himself/herself. Symptoms can include:
- Forgetting details about current events
- Forgetting events in your own life history, losing awareness of who you are
- Change in sleep patterns, often waking up at night
- Difficulty reading or writing
- Poor judgment and loss of ability to recognize danger
- Using the wrong word, mispronouncing words, speaking in confusing sentences
- Withdrawing from social contact
- Having hallucinations, arguments, striking out, and exhibiting violent behavior
- Having delusions; experiencing depression and/or agitation
- Difficulty carrying out basic tasks, such as preparing meals, choosing proper clothing, and driving
People with severe AD can no longer:
- Understand language
- Recognize family members
- Perform the basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, and bathing
Other symptoms that may occur with AD:
What causes Alzheimer's disease?
- Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer’s disease, but it is clear that it develops because of a complex series of events that take place in the brain over a long period of time. It is likely that the causes include genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Because people differ in their genetic make-up and lifestyle, the importance of these factors in preventing or delaying Alzheimer’s differs from person to person.
- In a very small number of families, people develop Alzheimer’s disease in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. Many of these people have a mutation, or permanent change, in one of three genes that they inherited from a parent. We know that these gene mutations cause Alzheimer’s in these “early-onset” familial cases. Not all early-onset cases are caused by such mutations.
- Most people with Alzheimer’s disease have “late-onset” Alzheimer’s, which usually develops after age 60. Many studies have linked a gene called APOE to late-onset Alzheimer’s. This gene has several forms. One of them, APOE ε4, increases a person’s risk of getting the disease. About 40 percent of all people who develop late-onset Alzheimer’s carry this gene. However, carrying the APOE ε4 form of the gene does not necessarily mean that a person will develop Alzheimer’s disease, and people carrying no APOE ε4 forms can also develop the disease.
- Most experts believe that additional genes may influence the development of late-onset Alzheimer’s in some way. Scientists around the world are searching for these genes. Researchers have identified variants of the SORL1, CLU, PICALM, and CR1 genes that may play a role in risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s.
Lifestyle Factors
A nutritious diet, physical activity, social engagement, and mentally stimulating pursuits can all help people stay healthy. New research suggests the possibility that these factors also might help to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists are investigating associations between cognitive decline and vascular and metabolic conditions such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity. Understanding these relationships and testing them in clinical trials will help us understand whether reducing risk factors for these diseases may help with Alzheimer’s as well.
Who is at highest risk?
- Age and family history are the best-understood risk factors for AD.
- As you get older, your risk of developing AD increases. Nonetheless, developing Alzheimer's disease is not a normal aspect of the aging process.
- Having a close blood relative, such as a brother, sister, or parent who developed AD increases your risk for developing AD.
- Having certain combination of genes for proteins that appear to be abnormal in Alzheimer's disease also increases your risk.
- Other risk factors that are not as well understood include:
- Longstanding high blood pressure
- History of head trauma
- Female gender
Diagnosis
- Alzheimer’s disease can be definitively diagnosed only after death by linking clinical course with an examination of brain tissue and pathology in an autopsy. But doctors now have several methods and tools to help them determine fairly accurately whether a person who is having memory problems has “possible Alzheimer’s disease” (dementia may be due to another cause) or “probable Alzheimer’s disease” (no other cause for dementia can be identified). To diagnose Alzheimer’s, doctors:
- ask questions about the person’s overall health, past medical problems, ability to carry out daily activities, and changes in behavior and personal life
- conduct diagnostic tests of memory, problem-solving, attention, counting, and language
- carry out medical tests, such as tests of blood, urine, or spinal fluid
- perform brain scans, such as computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- These tests may be repeated at various points to give doctors information about how the person’s memory is changing over time.
- Tests may be ordered to help determine whether other medical problems could be causing (or exacerbating) a patient's dementia. These conditions include:
- Thyroid disease
- Vitamin deficiency
- Brain tumor
- Stroke
- Intoxication from medication
- Chronic infection
- Anemia
- Severe depression
When to seek urgent medical care?
- Call your health care provider if someone close to you experiences symptoms of senile dementia/Alzheimer's disease.
- Call your health care provider if a person with this disorder experiences a sudden change in mental status. (A rapid change may indicate the presence of another illness.)
- Discuss the situation with your health care provider if you are caring for a person with this disorder and the condition deteriorates to the point where you can no longer care for the person in your home.
Treatment options
Unfortunately, there is no cure for AD. The goals in treating AD are to:
- Slow the progression of the disease (although this is difficult to do)
- Manage behavior problems, confusion, sleep problems, and agitation
- Modify the home environment
- Support family members and other caregivers
Drug therapy
Most drugs used to treat Alzheimer's are aimed at slowing the rate at which symptoms worsen. The benefit from these drugs is often small, and patients and their families may not always notice much of a change.
Patients and caregivers should ask their doctors the following questions about whether and when to use these drugs:
- What are the potential side effects of the medicine and are they worth the risk, given that there will likely be only a small change in behavior or function?
- When is the best time, if any, to use these drugs in the course of Alzheimer's disease?
Two types of medicine are available:
- Donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne, formerly called Reminyl) affect the levels of a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. Side effects include indigestion, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and fatigue.
- Memantine (Namenda) is another type of drug approved for the treatment of AD. Possible side effects include agitation and anxiety.
Other medicines may be needed to control aggressive, agitated, or dangerous behaviors. These are usually administered in very low doses.
It may be necessary to discontinue the use of any medications that make confusion worse. Such medicines may include painkillers, cimetidine, central nervous system depressants, antihistamines, sleeping pills, and others. Never change or stop taking any medicines without first talking to your doctor.
Supplement therapy
Many people take folate (vitamin B9), vitamin B12, and vitamin E. However, there is no strong evidence that taking these vitamins prevents AD or slows the progression of the disease once it occurs.
Some people believe that the herb ginkgo biloba can prevent or slow the development of dementia. However, rigorous studies have failed to show that ingesting this herb lowers a person's odds of developing dementia. Do not use ginkgo if you take blood-thinning medications like warfarin (Coumadin) or a class of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
If you are considering taking any drugs or supplements, you should talk to your doctor first. Remember that herbs and supplements available over the counter are not regulated by the FDA.
Diseases with similar symptoms
- Multi-infarct dementia (MID)
- Parkinson's disease (PD)
- Huntington's disease (HD)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
- Depression
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Pick's disease
- Lewy body dementia
- Binswanger's disease
- Wernicke-Korsakoff
- Brain tumors
- Infection
- Thyroid problems
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
Where to find medical care for Alzheimer's disease?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Alzheimer's disease
Prevention
Although there is no proven way to prevent AD, there are some practices that may be worth incorporating into your daily routine, particularly if you have a family history of dementia. Talk to your doctor before implementing any of these approaches, especially those that involve taking a medication or supplement.
- Consume a low-fat diet.
- Eat cold-water fish (like tuna, salmon, and mackerel) rich in omega-3 fatty acids at least 2 to 3 times per week.
- Reduce your intake of linoleic acid, which is found in margarine, butter, and dairy products.
- Increase consumption of antioxidants like carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C by eating plenty of darkly colored fruits and vegetables.
- Maintain a normal blood pressure.
- Stay mentally and socially active throughout your life.
- Consider taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), sulindac (Clinoril), or indomethacin (Indocin). Statins, a class of medications normally used for the treatment of high cholesterol, may help lower your risk of AD. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using these medications for preventive purposes.
In addition, early testing of a vaccine against AD is currently underway.
What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- The trajectory of AD is different for each person. If AD develops quickly, it is more likely to worsen quickly.
- Patients with AD often die earlier than normal, although a patient may live anywhere from 3 to 20 years after being diagnosed.
- The final phase of the disease may last from a few months to several years. During that time, the patient becomes immobile and totally disabled.
- Death usually occurs from an infection or a failure of other body systems.
Possible complications
Possible complications of Alzheimer's disease include:
- Loss of ability to function or care for oneself
- Bedsores, muscle contractures (loss of ability to move joints due to loss of muscle function), infection (particularly urinary tract infections and pneumonia), and other complications related to immobility during end stages of AD
- Falls and broken bones
- Loss of ability to interact with others
- Malnutrition and dehydration
- Failure of body systems
- Harmful or violent behavior toward oneself or others
- Abuse by an over-stressed caregiver
Support groups
- Alzheimer's Association
- Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center
- Alzheimer's Disease Research