African trypanosomiasis epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid , Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalance

• The global incidence of African trypanosomiasis is estimated to be 7,000-10,000 per 100,000 individuals
• In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; T. b. gambiense accounted for >98% of cases.

Demographics

Age

• There is no age predominance for African trypanosomiasis disease.
• The rate of African trypanosomiasis is high among neonates due to risk of vertical transmission during pregnancy.

Gender

• There is no gender predominance for infection with African trypanosomiasis.
• Male gender is thought to be associated with worse prognosis than female gender.

Race

• Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with African trypanosomiasis are of Hispanic origin.
• However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.

Geographic distrubution

• Endemic in rural sub-Saharan Africa. T. b. rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
• T. b. gambiense is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda.