The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Musculoskeletal Disease

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Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Musculoskeletal Disorders In Alphabetical Order

Anatomy

v • d • e Bones (Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN	vertebrae (cervical - thoracic - lumbar) - sacrum - coccyx
THORAX	sternum - rib
cranial bones of SKULL	occipital - parietal - frontal - temporal - sphenoid - ethmoid
facial bones of SKULL	nasal - maxilla - lacrimal - zygomatic - palatine - inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible - THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body)
UPPER EXTREMITY	SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle - scapula - ARM: humerus - ulna - radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid - lunate bone - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate) - metacarpals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
LOWER EXTREMITY	PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - LEG: femur - patella - fibula - tibia - FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiform - cuboid ) - metatarsals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES	malleus - incus - stapes

v • d • e

Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage

perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis

cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte)

types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)

ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)

cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast)

types (cancellous, cortical)

regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis)

structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow)

shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid)

v • d • e Bones of torso
Sternum	Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process
Rib	specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)
General vertebral structures	body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous)
Cervical vertebrae	C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium
Thoracic vertebrae	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)
Lumbar vertebrae	accessory process, mammillary process, L5
Sacrum	pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle

v • d • e Joints
Types	fibrous: Gomphosis - Suture - Syndesmosis cartilaginous: Synchondrosis - Symphysis synovial: Plane joint - 1° (Hinge joint, Pivot joint) - 2° (Condyloid joint, Saddle joint) - 3° (Ball and socket joint) by range of motion: Synarthrosis - Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis
Terminology	Kinesiology - Anatomical terms of motion - Agonist/Antagonist
Motions	general: Flexion/Extension - Adduction/Abduction - Internal rotation/External rotation - Elevation/Depression specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction - Supination/Pronation specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion - Eversion/Inversion
Components	Articular capsule (Synovial membrane, Fibrous membrane) - Synovial fluid - Bursa - Articular disk

Physiology

v • d • e Polysaccharides: glycosaminoglycans
Chondroitin sulfate - Dermatan sulfate - Heparin - Heparan sulfate - Hyaluronan - Keratan sulfate

Disease States

v • d • e Fractures (Sx2, 800-829)
General	Avulsion fracture · Greenstick fracture · Salter-Harris fractures
Head	Skull fracture · Basilar · Blowout
Vertebral	Cervical · Jefferson · Hangman's · Flexion teardrop · Extension teardrop, Clay-shoveler · Burst · Compression · Wedge · Chance · Hyperextension fracture dislocation
Ribs	Rib fracture · Flail chest
Shoulder, arm and hand	Clavicle · Humerus · Monteggia · Galeazzi · Colles' · Smith's · Barton's · Scaphoid · Rolando · Bennett's · Boxer's
Hip, leg and foot	Hip fracture · Segond · trimalleolar · Bimalleolar · Pott's · Maisonneuve · Lisfranc · Calcaneal · Jones fracture

v • d • e Injuries, other than fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains (S00-T14, 850-929)
Head (head injury) and neck	Black eye - Traumatic brain injury (Concussion, Diffuse axonal injury, Cerebral contusion, Epidural hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Thorax (chest trauma)	Traumatic aortic rupture - Pneumothorax - Hemothorax - Hemopneumothorax - Pulmonary contusion - Cardiac tamponade - Commotio cordis
Abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis	Ruptured spleen
Shoulder and upper arm	Rotator cuff tear
General	Spinal cord injury - Brachial plexus lesion Abrasion - Blister - Bruise - Hematoma Wound - Bite

Congenital Disease States

v • d • e Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system (Q65-Q79, 754-756)
Limbs	hip: Dislocation of hip/Hip dysplasia - Upington disease feet (Club foot, Flat feet, Pes cavus) systemic dislocations Larsen syndrome head, face, spine and chest: skull, face and jaw (Dolichocephaly, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, Plagiocephaly) - spine Scoliosis - chest (Pectus excavatum, Pectus carinatum) any combination head, face, jaw, upper limb, lower limb, pelvis, dactyly Antley-Bixler syndrome - Schmitt Gillenwater Kelly syndrome dactyly Polydactyly/Syndactyly (Webbed toes) - Cenani Lenz syndactylism reduction deficits (Acheiropodia, Amelia, Ectrodactyly, Phocomelia) upper limb (Cleidocranial dysostosis, Madelung's deformity, Sprengel's deformity, Wallis Zieff Goldblatt syndrome) knee (Genu valgum, Genu varum) other Arthrogryposis
Skull and facial bones	Carpenter syndrome - Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia - Craniosynostosis (Scaphocephaly) - Crouzon syndrome - Hypertelorism - Macrocephaly - Oxycephaly - Platybasia - Saethre-Chotzen syndrome - Treacher Collins syndrome - Trigonocephaly
Spine and bony thorax	Klippel-Feil syndrome - Spondylolisthesis - Cervical rib - Bifid rib
Osteochondrodysplasia	developement of cartilage, tubular bones and spine: Achondrogenesis/Hypochondrogenesis - Boomerang dysplasia - Thanatophoric dysplasia - Short rib-polydactyly syndrome - Chondrodysplasia punctata (Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, Conradi-Hünermann syndrome), Achondroplasia (Hypochondroplasia, Osteosclerosis congenita) - Ellis-van Creveld syndrome - Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia - Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita - Osteogenesis imperfecta - McCune-Albright syndrome - Osteopetrosis - Metaphyseal dysplasia - Recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia - Hereditary multiple exostoses - Osteopoikilosis - Chondrodystrophy - Osteodystrophy - Atelosteogenesis, type II - Diastrophic dysplasia
Other	abdominal wall (Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Omphalocele, Gastroschisis, Prune belly syndrome) - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
See also non-congenital conditions (M, 710-739)

Pharmacology

v • d • e

Anabolic steroids (A14) (trademark names in brackets)

Androstan (carbon 19 present)

Androstadienone • Boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise) • 4-Chlordehydromethyltestosterone (Turinabol) • Clostebol • Desoxymethyltestosterone (Madol) • DHEA • DHT • Drostanolone (Masteron) • Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin) • Furazabol (Miotolan) • Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) • Methenolone • Mesterolone (Proviron) • Methenolone enanthate (Primobolan) • Mestanolone • Norethandrolone • Oxandrolone (Anavar) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol) • Oxymetholone (Anadrol-50) • Quinbolone (Anabolicum Vister) • Stanozolol (Winstrol) • Testosterone

Estren (carbon 19 absent)

Ethylestrenol • Mibolerone (Cheque Drops) • Nandrolone (Deca Durabolin) • Norbolethone (Genabol) • Oxabolone cipionate • Tetrahydrogestrinone (The Clear) • Trenbolone (Fina)

v • d • e Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) products (primarily M01A and M02A, also N02BA)
Salicylates	Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) · Aloxiprin · Benorylate · Diflunisal · Ethenzamide · Magnesium salicylate · Methyl salicylate · Salsalate · Salicin · Salicylamide · Sodium salicylate
Arylalkanoic acids	Diclofenac · Aceclofenac · Acemetacin · Alclofenac · Bromfenac · Etodolac · Indometacin · Indomethacin farnesil · Nabumetone · Oxametacin · Proglumetacin · Sulindac · Tolmetin
2-Arylpropionic acids (profens)	Ibuprofen · Alminoprofen · Benoxaprofen · Carprofen · Dexibuprofen · Dexketoprofen · Fenbufen · Fenoprofen · Flunoxaprofen · Flurbiprofen · Ibuproxam · Indoprofen^† · Ketoprofen · Ketorolac · Loxoprofen · Miroprofen · Naproxen · Oxaprozin · Pirprofen · Suprofen · Tarenflurbil · Tiaprofenic acid
N-Arylanthranilic acids (fenamic acids)	Mefenamic acid · Flufenamic acid · Meclofenamic acid · Tolfenamic acid
Pyrazolidine derivatives	Phenylbutazone · Ampyrone · Azapropazone · Clofezone · Kebuzone · Metamizole^† · Mofebutazone · Oxyphenbutazone · Phenazone · Sulfinpyrazone
Oxicams	Piroxicam · Droxicam · Lornoxicam · Meloxicam · Tenoxicam
COX -2 inhibitors	Celecoxib · Deracoxib^‡ · Etoricoxib · Firocoxib^‡ · Lumiracoxib^† · Parecoxib · Rofecoxib^† · Valdecoxib^†
Sulphonanilides	Nimesulide
Topically used products	Bendazac · Diclofenac · Etofenamate · Felbinac · Flurbiprofen · Ibuprofen · Indometacin · Ketoprofen · Naproxen · Piroxicam · Suprofen
Others	Fluproquazone · COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donator
Items listed in bold indicate initially developed compounds of specific groups. ^†Withdrawn drugs. ^‡Veterinary use medications.

v • d • e Drugs for treatment of bone diseases (M05)
Bisphosphonates	Nitrogenous (Pamidronic acid, Alendronic acid, Ibandronic acid, Risedronic acid, Zoledronic acid) - Non-nitrogenous (Etidronic acid, Clodronic acid, Tiludronic acid)
Bone morphogenetic proteins	Dibotermin alfa - Eptotermin alfa
Other	Ipriflavone - Aluminium chlorohydrate - Strontium ranelate

v • d • e Topical products for joint and muscular pain (M02)
Anti-inflammatory preparations, non-steroids	Butylpyrazolidines: Phenylbutazone - Mofebutazone - Clofezone - Oxyphenbutazone Propionic acid derivatives: Tolmetin - Diclofenac - Fentiazac other: Benzydamine - Etofenamate - Piroxicam - Felbinac - Bufexamac - Ketoprofen - Bendazac - Naproxen - Ibuprofen - Feprazone - Niflumic acid - Meclofenamic acid - Flurbiprofen - Suxibuzone - Indometacin - Nifenazone
Other	Tolazoline - Dimethyl sulfoxide

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