Cirrhosis natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Cirrhosis is an irreversible process, the course of which is highly variable in patients. The natural history progresses in such a way that there is a lengthy stage of compensation, followed by the development of complications and sequelae as a result of the cirrhosis. The devastating complications include complete liver failure or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Other complications include portal hypertension, ascites, jaundice, itching, esophageal varices, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome and cardiomyopathy. Prognosis depends on the causes, existing complications and a variety of factors which make the prediction of life expectancy questionable. There are scores that classify disease severity and help to determine suitability for liver transplantation in patients.

Natural history

Decompensated cirrhosis

In patients with stable cirrhosis, decompensation may occur due to various causes:

Complications

Prognosis

Well-Compensated, no alcohol 35% mortality at 2 years
Onset of Ascites 50% mortality at 2 years
Variceal bleeding 65% mortality at 1 year (35% short-term mortality)

Poor prognostic factors

Scoring systems

Important scoring systems used are as follows:[27][28]

References

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