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==Overview==
==Overview==
Worldwide, the [[incidence]] of thyroid nodule ranges from as low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average [[incidence]] of 50,000 per 100,000 persons. The [[incidence]] of [[thyroid cancer]] is estimated to be a total number of 48,288 cases annually in United states. Thyroid nodules are common, their [[prevalence]] being largely dependent on the identification method, as [[sensitivity]] and [[specificity]] of different methods for thyroid nodule diagnosis varies. In United States, the [[prevalence]] of thyroid nodule detected by [[palpation]] alone ranges from a low of 2,000 per 100,000 persons  to a high of 6,000 per 100,000 persons, while the [[prevalence]] of thyroid nodule detected by [[ultrasound]] ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 35,000 per 100,000 persons. Worldwide, the [[prevalence]] of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in [[iodine]]-sufficient parts of the world, and the [[prevalence]] of [[ultrasound]] detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age. [[Females]] are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than [[males]].
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==


==== Incidence ====
=== Incidence ===
: The incidence of thyroid cancer is estimated to be 48,288 cases annually in United states. 
* Worldwide, the [[incidence]] of thyroid nodule ranges from as low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average [[incidence]] of 50,000 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="pmid24557566" /><ref name="pmid27532827" />
: Worldwide, the incidence of thyroid cancer ranges from a low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of 50,000 per 100,000 persons. 
* The risk for malignancy in [[asymptomatic]] nodules found in non-irradiated [[Thyroid gland|glands]] is 0.45% to 13% (mean +/- SD = 3.9% +/- 4.1%), which means the [[incidence]] of [[malignant]] thyroid nodule ranges from as low as 250 per 100,000 persons to as high as 7000 per 100,000 persons approximately.<ref name="pmid24557566" /><ref name="pmid27532827" />
: There is a large increase worldwide in the incidence of thyroid cancers. It is likely to be due to:24557566 27532827 
* The [[incidence]] of [[thyroid cancer]] is estimated to be a total number of 48,288 cases annually in United states.
:* The use of head and neck external beam radiation, commonly used to treat benign childhood conditions between 1910 and 1960
* There is a large increase worldwide in the [[incidence]] of [[thyroid cancers]]. It is likely to be due to:<ref name="pmid24557566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies L, Welch HG |title=Current thyroid cancer trends in the United States |journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=317–22 |year=2014 |pmid=24557566 |doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27532827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L |title=Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=375 |issue=7 |pages=614–7 |year=2016 |pmid=27532827 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1604412 |url=}}</ref>
:* The increased detection of small papillary cancers secondary to more widespread use of neck ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of very small thyroid nodules
:
:  In developed countries, the prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer ranges from a low of 4.8 per 100,000 persons to a high of 14.9 per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of 10 per 100,000 persons.
 
==== Race ====
There is a large increase worldwide in the incidence of thyroid cancers. The largest increase in thyroid cancer incidence has been observed in South Korea:  
 
In 1993-1997, the incidence of thyroid cancer was estimated to be 12.2 cases per 100,000 individuals, while in 2003-2007,  the incidence of thyroid cancer increased and was estimated to be 59.9 cases per 100,000 individuals.
 
Thyroid cancer is recognized as the most common cancer among women in South Korea. 26133012
 
==== Prevalence ====
Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method.8885814
 
In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 4,000 per 100,000 persons  to a high of 7,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons  to a high of 76,000 per 100,000 persons. 8426623 .25041951
 
In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by surgery or autopsy ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons  to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the prevalence detected by ultrasound.25041951
 
Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000.  


In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule
** The use of head and [[External beam radiotherapy|neck external beam radiation]], commonly used to treat benign childhood conditions between 1910 and 1960.
** The increased detection of small [[Papillary thyroid cancer|papillary cancers]] secondary to more widespread use of neck [[ultrasound]] and [[Fine-needle aspiration|fine-needle aspiration (FNA)]] of very small thyroid nodules.


==== Age ====
=== Prevalence ===
:Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.  27532827
Thyroid nodules are common, their [[prevalence]] being largely dependent on the identification method, as [[sensitivity]] and [[specificity]] of different methods for thyroid nodule diagnosis varies.<ref name="pmid8885814">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG |title=Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=156 |issue=19 |pages=2165–72 |year=1996 |pmid=8885814 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
:There is no association between the thyroid cancer development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. PMC3939581    11600519
==== United States ====
* In United States, the [[prevalence]] of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 2,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 6,000 per 100,000 persons, while the [[prevalence]] of thyroid nodule detected by [[ultrasound]] ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 35,000 per 100,000 persons.<ref name="pmid19041821">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dean DS, Gharib H |title=Epidemiology of thyroid nodules |journal=Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=901–11 |year=2008 |pmid=19041821 |doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.019 |url=}}</ref>
* In United States, the [[prevalence]] of thyroid nodule detected by [[surgery]] or [[autopsy]] ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons  to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the [[prevalence]] detected by ultrasound.<ref name="pmid25041951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davies L, Randolph G |title=Evidence-based evaluation of the thyroid nodule |journal=Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=461–74 |year=2014 |pmid=25041951 |doi=10.1016/j.otc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref>
* In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule.<ref name="pmid8426623">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mazzaferri EL |title=Management of a solitary thyroid nodule |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=328 |issue=8 |pages=553–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8426623 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199302253280807 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25041951" />


==== Sex ====
==== Worldwide ====
Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 5 to 1.
Worldwide, the [[prevalence]] of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the [[prevalence]] of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. <ref name="pmid25041951" /><ref name="pmid8426623" />
=== Race ===
* There is a large increase worldwide in the [[incidence]] of thyroid cancers. The largest increase in [[thyroid cancer]] [[incidence]] has been observed in South Korea:<ref name="pmid26133012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaccarella S, Dal Maso L, Laversanne M, Bray F, Plummer M, Franceschi S |title=The Impact of Diagnostic Changes on the Rise in Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study in Selected High-Resource Countries |journal=Thyroid |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1127–36 |year=2015 |pmid=26133012 |doi=10.1089/thy.2015.0116 |url=}}</ref>


Males are more commonly affected with aggressive thyroid neoplasms and have a more fatality rate than women.
** In 1993-1997, the [[incidence]] of [[thyroid cancer]] was estimated to be 12.2 cases per 100,000 individuals, while in 2003-2007, the [[incidence]] of [[thyroid cancer]] increased and was estimated to be 59.9 cases per 100,000 individuals.
** [[Thyroid cancer]] is recognized as the most common [[Thyroid cancer|cancer]] among women in South Korea.


Females are more commonly affected with follicular thyroid lesions than males.
=== Age ===
: 24857573
* Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.<ref name="pmid27532827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L |title=Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=375 |issue=7 |pages=614–7 |year=2016 |pmid=27532827 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1604412 |url=}}</ref>
* There is no association between the [[thyroid cancer]] development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. <ref name="pmid11600519">{{cite journal |vauthors=Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crinò A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G |title=Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=86 |issue=10 |pages=4644–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11600519 |doi=10.1210/jcem.86.10.7950 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24596718">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vasudev V, A L H, B R, S G |title=Efficacy and Pitfalls of FNAC of Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adolescents |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24596718 |pmc=3939581 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/6718.3913 |url=}}</ref>


==== Developed countries ====
=== Sex ===
* Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males.<ref name="pmid12588812" />
* The female to male ratio is approximately 5 to 1.<ref name="pmid10865037" />
* Males are more commonly affected with [[Thyroid cancer|aggressive thyroid neoplasms]] and have a more fatality rate than women.<ref name="pmid24857573" />
* Females are more commonly affected with [[Follicular thyroid adenoma|follicular thyroid lesions]] than males.<ref name="pmid24857573">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur A, Olson MT, Zeiger MA |title=Follicular lesions of the thyroid |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=499–513 |year=2014 |pmid=24857573 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005 |url=}}</ref>


==== Developing countries ====
=== Developed and Developing Countries ===
<ref name="urlTreatment Guidelines for Patients With Thyroid Nodules and Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer | JAMA Internal Medicine | The JAMA Network">{{cite web |url=http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/622533 |title=Treatment Guidelines for Patients With Thyroid Nodules and Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer &#124; JAMA Internal Medicine &#124; The JAMA Network |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
* Although [[goiter]] is more [[Prevalence|prevalent]] in iodine deficient and developing countries, there are insufficient data regarding association of thyroid nodules and the country of residence.<ref name="pmid12588812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN |title=Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=102–32 |year=2003 |pmid=12588812 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10865037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong CK, Wheeler MH |title=Thyroid nodules: rational management |journal=World J Surg |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=934–41 |year=2000 |pmid=10865037 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
2 to 4 per 100,000 people per year, constituting only 1 percent of all cancers and 0.5 percent of all cancer deaths.
<ref name="pmid12588812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN |title=Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=102–32 |year=2003 |pmid=12588812 |doi=10.1210/er.2002-0016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10865037">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong CK, Wheeler MH |title=Thyroid nodules: rational management |journal=World J Surg |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=934–41 |year=2000 |pmid=10865037 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:55, 25 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Overview

Worldwide, the incidence of thyroid nodule ranges from as low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of 50,000 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of thyroid cancer is estimated to be a total number of 48,288 cases annually in United states. Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method, as sensitivity and specificity of different methods for thyroid nodule diagnosis varies. In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 2,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 6,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 35,000 per 100,000 persons. Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age. Females are more commonly affected with thyroid nodules than males.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • Worldwide, the incidence of thyroid nodule ranges from as low of 40,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 71,000 per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of 50,000 per 100,000 persons.[1][2]
  • The risk for malignancy in asymptomatic nodules found in non-irradiated glands is 0.45% to 13% (mean +/- SD = 3.9% +/- 4.1%), which means the incidence of malignant thyroid nodule ranges from as low as 250 per 100,000 persons to as high as 7000 per 100,000 persons approximately.[1][2]
  • The incidence of thyroid cancer is estimated to be a total number of 48,288 cases annually in United states.
  • There is a large increase worldwide in the incidence of thyroid cancers. It is likely to be due to:[1][2]

Prevalence

Thyroid nodules are common, their prevalence being largely dependent on the identification method, as sensitivity and specificity of different methods for thyroid nodule diagnosis varies.[3]

United States

  • In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by palpation alone ranges from a low of 2,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 6,000 per 100,000 persons, while the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by ultrasound ranges from a low of 20,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 35,000 per 100,000 persons.[4]
  • In United States, the prevalence of thyroid nodule detected by surgery or autopsy ranges from a low of 50,000 per 100,000 persons to a high of 65,000 per 100,000 persons, that correlate more with the prevalence detected by ultrasound.[5]
  • In the United States, 4 to 7 percent of the adult population have a palpable thyroid nodule.[6][5]

Worldwide

Worldwide, the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodule is approximately 5,000 per 100,000 in women and 1,000 per 100,000 in men living in iodine-sufficient parts of the world, and the prevalence of ultrasound detected thyroid nodules ranges from as low as 19,000 per 100,000 to as high as 68,000 per 100,000. [5][6]

Race

Age

  • Thyroid nodules commonly affects individuals younger than 20 and older than 50 years of age.[2]
  • There is no association between the thyroid cancer development in a previous patient with the thyroid nodule and the age. [8][9]

Sex

Developed and Developing Countries

  • Although goiter is more prevalent in iodine deficient and developing countries, there are insufficient data regarding association of thyroid nodules and the country of residence.[10][11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Davies L, Welch HG (2014). "Current thyroid cancer trends in the United States". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140 (4): 317–22. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1. PMID 24557566.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L (2016). "Worldwide Thyroid-Cancer Epidemic? The Increasing Impact of Overdiagnosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 375 (7): 614–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1604412. PMID 27532827.
  3. ↑ Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, Braverman LE, Clark OH, McDougall IR, Ain KV, Dorfman SG (1996). "Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association". Arch. Intern. Med. 156 (19): 2165–72. PMID 8885814.
  4. ↑ Dean DS, Gharib H (2008). "Epidemiology of thyroid nodules". Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 22 (6): 901–11. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.019. PMID 19041821.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Davies L, Randolph G (2014). "Evidence-based evaluation of the thyroid nodule". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 47 (4): 461–74. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2014.04.008. PMID 25041951.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mazzaferri EL (1993). "Management of a solitary thyroid nodule". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (8): 553–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302253280807. PMID 8426623.
  7. ↑ Vaccarella S, Dal Maso L, Laversanne M, Bray F, Plummer M, Franceschi S (2015). "The Impact of Diagnostic Changes on the Rise in Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Study in Selected High-Resource Countries". Thyroid. 25 (10): 1127–36. doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0116. PMID 26133012.
  8. ↑ Corrias A, Einaudi S, Chiorboli E, Weber G, Crinò A, Andreo M, Cesaretti G, de Sanctis L, Messina MF, Segni M, Cicchetti M, Vigone M, Pasquino AM, Spera S, de Luca F, Mussa GC, Bona G (2001). "Accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules in detecting malignancy in childhood: comparison with conventional clinical, laboratory, and imaging approaches". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (10): 4644–8. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7950. PMID 11600519.
  9. ↑ Vasudev V, A L H, B R, S G (2014). "Efficacy and Pitfalls of FNAC of Thyroid Lesions in Children and Adolescents". J Clin Diagn Res. 8 (1): 35–8. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/6718.3913. PMC 3939581. PMID 24596718. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hegedüs L, Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN (2003). "Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives". Endocr. Rev. 24 (1): 102–32. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0016. PMID 12588812.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wong CK, Wheeler MH (2000). "Thyroid nodules: rational management". World J Surg. 24 (8): 934–41. PMID 10865037.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mathur A, Olson MT, Zeiger MA (2014). "Follicular lesions of the thyroid". Surg. Clin. North Am. 94 (3): 499–513. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2014.02.005. PMID 24857573.

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