Superior vena cava syndrome causes: Difference between revisions

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(/* Common Causes{{cite journal| author=Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N| title=Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency? | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-6 | pmid=22477372 | doi= | pmc...)
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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Superior vena cava syndrome}}
{{Superior vena cava syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}{{MV}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Superior vena cava syndrome may be caused by obstruction of the [[superior vena cava]] ([[SVC]]) by neoplastic invasion of the venous wall associated with intravascular thrombosis, enlarged nodes, enlarged [[ascending aorta]], or more simply, by extrinsic pressure of a [[tumor]] mass against the thin-walled [[superior vena cava]] ([[SVC]]).
Superior vena cava syndrome may be caused by [[obstruction]] of the [[superior vena cava]] by [[neoplastic]] [[invasion]] of the [[Venous|venous wall]], intravascular [[thrombosis]], enlarged [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]], enlarged [[ascending aorta]], or by extrinsic pressure of a [[tumor]] against the thin-walled [[superior vena cava]].<ref name="wiki1">Superior vena cava syndrome. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome Accessed on January, 11 2016</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
* Common causes of [[Superior vena cava syndrome|superior vena cava syndrom]]<nowiki/>e include:<ref name="pmid22477372">{{cite journal| author=Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N| title=Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency? | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-6 | pmid=22477372 | doi= | pmc=PMC2728369 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22477372  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15691155">{{cite journal| author=Reechaipichitkul W, Thongpaen S| title=Etiology and outcome of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction in adults. | journal=Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 453-7 | pmid=15691155 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15691155  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12057143">{{cite journal| author=Wudel LJ, Nesbitt JC| title=Superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Curr Treat Options Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 77-91 | pmid=12057143 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12057143  }} </ref>
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
:*[[Aortic aneurysm]]
 
:*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
===Common Causes<ref name="pmid22477372">{{cite journal| author=Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N| title=Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency? | journal=Int J Angiol | year= 2008 | volume= 17 | issue= 1 | pages= 43-6 | pmid=22477372 | doi= | pmc=PMC2728369 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22477372  }} </ref>===
:*[[Breast cancer]]
*[[Aortic aneurysm]]
:*[[Cystic hygroma]]
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]]
:*[[Goiter]]
*[[Breast cancer]]
:*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Cystic hygroma]]
:*[[central venous catheter|Indwelling catheter]]
*[[Goiter]]
:*[[Lung cancer]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
:*[[Lymphoma]]
*[[central venous catheter|Indwelling catheter]]
:*[[Non Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
*[[Lung cancer]]<ref name="pmid12057143">{{cite journal| author=Wudel LJ, Nesbitt JC| title=Superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Curr Treat Options Oncol | year= 2001 | volume= 2 | issue= 1 | pages= 77-91 | pmid=12057143 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12057143  }} </ref>
:*[[Small cell lung cancer]]
*[[Lymphoma]]
:*[[Thymoma]]
*[[Non Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
:*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Small cell lung cancer]]
*[[Thymoma]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Aortic aneurysm]], [[aortic dissection]], [[arteriovenous fistula]], [[atrial myxoma]], [[atrial septal defect]], blood clots in the superior vena cava, [[cardiac arrest]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[constrictive pericarditis]], [[idiopathic intracranial hypertension]], [[pericarditis]], [[right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]], [[thrombophlebitis]], thrombosis of the superior vena cava, [[transposition of the great vessels]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Behcet's disease]], [[dermoid cyst]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Goitre]], [[teratoma]], [[thyroid cancer]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Mesothelioma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystic fibrosis]], [[esophageal varices]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[plasmacytoma]]s
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[central venous catheters|Indwelling catheter]], [[Mustard procedure]], [[artificial pacemaker|pacemakers]], [[parenteral nutrition]], [[central venous catheters|presence of central venous catheters]], [[radiation therapy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Actinomycosis]], [[aspergillosis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[filariasis]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[mediastinitis]], [[sepsis]], [[syphilis]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Increased intracranial pressure]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dermoid cyst]], [[teratoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[adenocarcinoma of the lung]], [[breast cancer]], [[bronchogenic carcinoma]], [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[cystic hygroma]], [[dermoid cyst]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[Good syndrome]], [[Hodgkin disease]], [[B-cell lymphoma|large B-cell lymphoma]], [[large cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[leiomyosarcoma]]s, [[lung cancer]], [[lymphoblastic lymphoma]], [[lymphoma]], [[malignancy]], [[mediastinal tumor]], [[mesothelioma]], [[metastasis]], [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[oat cell carcinoma]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[plasmacytoma]]s, [[renal cell carcinoma]], [[small cell lung cancer]], [[squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[teratoma]], [[testicular cancer]], [[thymoma|thymic tumors]], [[thymoma]], [[thyroid cancer]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dermoid cyst]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystic fibrosis]],[[fibrosing mediastinitis]], [[large cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[lung cancer]], [[mediastinal fibrosis]], [[mediastinitis]], [[mesothelioma]], [[Pancoast tumor]], [[pneumothorax]], [[sclerosing mediastinitis]], [[small cell lung cancer]], [[squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Renal cell carcinoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Behcet's disease]], [[Good syndrome]], [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Testicular cancer]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Actinomycosis]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]<ref name="pmid12019548">{{cite journal| author=Arya LS, Narain S, Tomar S, Thavaraj V, Dawar R, Bhargawa M| title=Superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Indian J Pediatr | year= 2002 | volume= 69 | issue= 4 | pages= 293-7 | pmid=12019548 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12019548  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15691155">{{cite journal| author=Reechaipichitkul W, Thongpaen S| title=Etiology and outcome of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction in adults. | journal=Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | year= 2004 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 453-7 | pmid=15691155 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15691155  }} </ref>
*[[Adenocarcinoma of the lung]] <ref name="pmid9844228">{{cite journal| author=Hinojosa Mena-Bernal MC, Fernández Martínez I, Ergueta Martín P, González Sarmiento E| title=[Etiologic prevalence of superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 10 | pages= 531-3 | pmid=9844228 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9844228  }} </ref>
*[[Aortic aneurysm]]<ref name="pmid1790283">{{cite journal| author=González Fajardo JA, García Yuste M, Flórez Peláez S, Alvarez Gago T, Ramos Seisdedos G| title=[Etiologic considerations regarding superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1991 | volume= 8 | issue= 11 | pages= 562-5 | pmid=1790283 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1790283  }} </ref>
*[[Aortic dissection]]<ref name="pmid8610294">{{cite journal| author=Tayama K, Aoyagi S, Akashi H, Oryoji A, Higa Y, Hiromatsu S et al.| title=Aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement. Report of a case with an aortocameral fistula. | journal=Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 1995 | volume= 43 | issue= 5 | pages= 299-301 | pmid=8610294 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-1013799 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8610294  }} </ref>
*[[Arteriovenous fistula]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Behcet's disease]]<ref name="pmid9314623">{{cite journal| author=Bostankolu A, Aksungur VL, Aksungur EH, Ozpoyraz M, Yücel A, Memisoglu HR| title=Excessive bleeding from genital ulcers of Behçet's disease. | journal=Cutis | year= 1997 | volume= 60 | issue= 3 | pages= 159-61 | pmid=9314623 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9314623  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18565188">{{cite journal| author=Oh SH, Lee JH, Shin JU, Bang D| title=Dermatological features in Behçet disease-associated vena cava obstruction. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 159 | issue= 3 | pages= 555-60 | pmid=18565188 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08679.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18565188  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9112886">{{cite journal| author=Roguin A, Edelstein S, Edoute Y| title=Superior vena cava syndrome as a primary manifestation of Behçet's disease. A case report. | journal=Angiology | year= 1997 | volume= 48 | issue= 4 | pages= 365-8 | pmid=9112886 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9112886  }} </ref>
*[[Blastomycosis]]
*Blood clots in the superior vena cava
*[[Breast cancer]]<ref name="pmid2245419">{{cite journal| author=Meriney DK| title=Application of Orem's conceptual framework to patients with hypercalcemia related to breast cancer. | journal=Cancer Nurs | year= 1990 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 316-23 | pmid=2245419 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2245419  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1626963">{{cite journal| author=Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ| title=Dermatologic features of the superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 1992 | volume= 128 | issue= 7 | pages= 953-6 | pmid=1626963 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1626963  }} </ref>
*[[Bronchogenic carcinoma]] <ref name="pmid18663886">{{cite journal| author=Adegboye VO, Ogunseyinde AO, Obajimi MO, Brimmo AI, Adebo OA| title=Superior vena cava obstruction: diagnosis, management and outcome. | journal=East Afr Med J | year= 2008 | volume= 85 | issue= 3 | pages= 129-36 | pmid=18663886 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18663886  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16523051">{{cite journal| author=Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW| title=The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=16523051 | doi=10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16523051  }} </ref>
*[[Burkitt's lymphoma]] <ref name="pmid22260323">{{cite journal| author=Miles RR, Arnold S, Cairo MS| title=Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2012 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 730-43 | pmid=22260323 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09024.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22260323  }} </ref>
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]<ref name="pmid9367491">{{cite journal| author=Chow BJ, McKim DA, Shennib H, Dales RE| title=Superior vena cava obstruction secondary to mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a patient with cystic fibrosis. | journal=Chest | year= 1997 | volume= 112 | issue= 5 | pages= 1438-41 | pmid=9367491 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9367491  }} </ref>
*[[Cystic hygroma]]
*[[Dermoid cyst]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Esophageal varices]]
*[[Fibrosing mediastinitis]]<ref name="pmid16523051">{{cite journal| author=Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW| title=The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=16523051 | doi=10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16523051  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8686778">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert HM, Hartman BJ| title=Short report: a case of fibrosing mediastinitis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1996 | volume= 54 | issue= 6 | pages= 596-9 | pmid=8686778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8686778  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Filariasis]]<ref name="pmid8686778">{{cite journal| author=Gilbert HM, Hartman BJ| title=Short report: a case of fibrosing mediastinitis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1996 | volume= 54 | issue= 6 | pages= 596-9 | pmid=8686778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8686778  }} </ref>
*[[Goitre]]<ref name="pmid9799884">{{cite journal| author=Anders HJ| title=Compression syndromes caused by substernal goitres. | journal=Postgrad Med J | year= 1998 | volume= 74 | issue= 872 | pages= 327-9 | pmid=9799884 | doi= | pmc=PMC2360941 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9799884  }} </ref>
*[[Good syndrome]]<ref name="pmid23467629">{{cite journal| author=Joven MH, Palalay MP, Sonido CY| title=Case report and literature review on Good's syndrome, a form of acquired immunodeficiency associated with thymomas. | journal=Hawaii J Med Public Health | year= 2013 | volume= 72 | issue= 2 | pages= 56-62 | pmid=23467629 | doi= | pmc=PMC3585500 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23467629  }} </ref>
*[[Histoplasmosis]]<ref name="pmid19632382">{{cite journal| author=Hammoud ZT, Rose AS, Hage CA, Knox KS, Rieger K, Kesler KA| title=Surgical management of pulmonary and mediastinal sequelae of histoplasmosis: a challenging spectrum. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 2 | pages= 399-403 | pmid=19632382 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.041 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19632382  }} </ref>
*[[Hodgkin disease]]<ref name="pmid9844228">{{cite journal| author=Hinojosa Mena-Bernal MC, Fernández Martínez I, Ergueta Martín P, González Sarmiento E| title=[Etiologic prevalence of superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 10 | pages= 531-3 | pmid=9844228 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9844228  }} </ref>
*[[Idiopathic intracranial hypertension]]
*[[Increased intracranial pressure]]
*[[central venous catheter|Indwelling catheter]]<ref name="pmid11115445">{{cite journal| author=Aitken ML, Tonelli MR| title=Complications of indwelling catheters in cystic fibrosis: a 10-year review. | journal=Chest | year= 2000 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 1598-602 | pmid=11115445 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11115445  }} </ref>
*[[B-cell lymphoma|Large B-cell lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid21934230">{{cite journal| author=Gadage V, Kembhavi S, Kumar P, Shet T| title=Primary cardiac diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with activated B-cell-like phenotype. | journal=Indian J Pathol Microbiol | year= 2011 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 591-3 | pmid=21934230 | doi=10.4103/0377-4929.85104 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21934230  }} </ref>
*[[Large cell carcinoma of the lung]]
*[[Leiomyosarcoma]]s
*[[Lung cancer]]<ref name="pmid23404752">{{cite journal| author=Dumantepe M, Tarhan A, Ozler A| title=Successful treatment of central venous catheter induced superior vena cava syndrome with ultrasound accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 7 | pages= E269-73 | pmid=23404752 | doi=10.1002/ccd.24855 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23404752  }} </ref>
*[[Lymphoblastic lymphoma]]
*[[Lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid23404752">{{cite journal| author=Dumantepe M, Tarhan A, Ozler A| title=Successful treatment of central venous catheter induced superior vena cava syndrome with ultrasound accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 7 | pages= E269-73 | pmid=23404752 | doi=10.1002/ccd.24855 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23404752  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21277135">{{cite journal| author=Thakker M, Keteepe-Arachi T, Abbas A, Barker G, Ruparelia N, Kingston GT et al.| title=A primary cardiac sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava obstruction. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 264.e3-5 | pmid=21277135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.030 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21277135  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16523051">{{cite journal| author=Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW| title=The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=16523051 | doi=10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16523051  }} </ref>
*[[Malignancy]]<ref name="pmid16523051">{{cite journal| author=Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW| title=The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2006 | volume= 85 | issue= 1 | pages= 37-42 | pmid=16523051 | doi=10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16523051  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8125791">{{cite journal| author=McKellar DP, Verazin GT, Lim KM, Spiegel JC, Block BL| title=Superior vena cava syndrome and tracheal obstruction due to multinodular goiter. | journal=Head Neck | year= 1994 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 72-4 | pmid=8125791 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8125791  }} </ref>
*[[Mediastinal fibrosis]]
*[[Mediastinal tumor]] <ref name="pmid2382775">{{cite journal| author=Chen JC, Bongard F, Klein SR| title=A contemporary perspective on superior vena cava syndrome. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1990 | volume= 160 | issue= 2 | pages= 207-11 | pmid=2382775 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2382775  }} </ref>
*[[Mediastinitis]]<ref name="pmid1790283">{{cite journal| author=González Fajardo JA, García Yuste M, Flórez Peláez S, Alvarez Gago T, Ramos Seisdedos G| title=[Etiologic considerations regarding superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1991 | volume= 8 | issue= 11 | pages= 562-5 | pmid=1790283 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1790283  }} </ref>
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Metastasis]]<ref name="pmid21277135">{{cite journal| author=Thakker M, Keteepe-Arachi T, Abbas A, Barker G, Ruparelia N, Kingston GT et al.| title=A primary cardiac sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava obstruction. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 264.e3-5 | pmid=21277135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.030 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21277135  }} </ref>
*[[Mustard procedure]]<ref name="pmid6378426">{{cite journal| author=Coulson JD, Pitlick PT, Miller DC, French JW, Marshall WH, Fryer AD et al.| title=Severe superior vena cava syndrome and hydrocephalus after the Mustard procedure: findings and a new surgical approach. | journal=Circulation | year= 1984 | volume= 70 | issue= 3 Pt 2 | pages= I47-53 | pmid=6378426 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6378426  }} </ref>
*[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]<ref name="pmid22260323">{{cite journal| author=Miles RR, Arnold S, Cairo MS| title=Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2012 | volume= 156 | issue= 6 | pages= 730-43 | pmid=22260323 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09024.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22260323  }} </ref>
*[[Oat cell carcinoma]] <ref name="pmid9844228">{{cite journal| author=Hinojosa Mena-Bernal MC, Fernández Martínez I, Ergueta Martín P, González Sarmiento E| title=[Etiologic prevalence of superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 10 | pages= 531-3 | pmid=9844228 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9844228  }} </ref>
*[[artificial pacemaker|Pacemakers]]<ref name="pmid20051021">{{cite journal| author=Riley RF, Petersen SE, Ferguson JD, Bashir Y| title=Managing superior vena cava syndrome as a complication of pacemaker implantation: a pooled analysis of clinical practice. | journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol | year= 2010 | volume= 33 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-5 | pmid=20051021 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02613.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20051021  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19829810">{{cite journal| author=Senthilvel E, Papadakis A, Jain V, Bruner J| title=Pacemaker induced superior vena cava syndrome: a case report. | journal=Cases J | year= 2009 | volume= 2 | issue=  | pages= 6463 | pmid=19829810 | doi=10.4076/1757-1626-2-6463 | pmc=PMC2740218 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19829810  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19813691">{{cite journal| author=Khan BA, Mahmood Q| title=Iatrogenic superior vena caval syndrome. | journal=J Pak Med Assoc | year= 2009 | volume= 59 | issue= 10 | pages= 719-20 | pmid=19813691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19813691  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Pancoast tumor]]
*[[Parenteral nutrition]]<ref name="pmid2122020">{{cite journal| author=Beers TR, Burnes J, Fleming CR| title=Superior vena caval obstruction in patients with gut failure receiving home parenteral nutrition. | journal=JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr | year= 1990 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 474-9 | pmid=2122020 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2122020  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8766617">{{cite journal| author=Ripoll Orts F, Vázquez Prado A, Villaba Caballero R, Martí Bonmatí E, Trullenque Peris R| title=[Superior vena cava occlusion syndrome in a patient receiving total parenteral nutrition for short bowel syndrome]. | journal=Nutr Hosp | year= 1996 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 204-7 | pmid=8766617 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8766617  }} </ref>
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Plasmacytoma]]s
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[central venous catheter|Presence of central venous catheters]]<ref name="pmid23404752">{{cite journal| author=Dumantepe M, Tarhan A, Ozler A| title=Successful treatment of central venous catheter induced superior vena cava syndrome with ultrasound accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis. | journal=Catheter Cardiovasc Interv | year= 2013 | volume= 81 | issue= 7 | pages= E269-73 | pmid=23404752 | doi=10.1002/ccd.24855 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23404752  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19813691">{{cite journal| author=Khan BA, Mahmood Q| title=Iatrogenic superior vena caval syndrome. | journal=J Pak Med Assoc | year= 2009 | volume= 59 | issue= 10 | pages= 719-20 | pmid=19813691 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19813691  }} </ref>
*[[Radiation therapy]]
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]]
*[[Sclerosing mediastinitis]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Small cell lung cancer]]<ref name="pmid23289254">{{cite journal| author=Suduł T, Domagała-Kulawik J| title=[Clinical manifestation and radiological features of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 2012 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-101 | pmid=23289254 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23289254  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21277135">{{cite journal| author=Thakker M, Keteepe-Arachi T, Abbas A, Barker G, Ruparelia N, Kingston GT et al.| title=A primary cardiac sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava obstruction. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 2012 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 264.e3-5 | pmid=21277135 | doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.030 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21277135  }} </ref>
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]]<ref name="pmid9844228">{{cite journal| author=Hinojosa Mena-Bernal MC, Fernández Martínez I, Ergueta Martín P, González Sarmiento E| title=[Etiologic prevalence of superior vena cava syndrome]. | journal=An Med Interna | year= 1998 | volume= 15 | issue= 10 | pages= 531-3 | pmid=9844228 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9844228  }} </ref>
*[[Syphilis]]
*[[Teratoma]]
*[[Testicular cancer]]
*[[Thrombophlebitis]]
*Thrombosis of the superior vena cava
*[[thymoma|Thymic tumors]]
*[[Thymoma]]<ref name="pmid23467629">{{cite journal| author=Joven MH, Palalay MP, Sonido CY| title=Case report and literature review on Good's syndrome, a form of acquired immunodeficiency associated with thymomas. | journal=Hawaii J Med Public Health | year= 2013 | volume= 72 | issue= 2 | pages= 56-62 | pmid=23467629 | doi= | pmc=PMC3585500 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23467629  }} </ref>
*[[Thyroid cancer]]<ref name="pmid9223855">{{cite journal| author=Tarao M, Nitta T, Hayashi M, Ichihashi M, Goto A| title=[A case of thyroid cancer invading into mediastinum that was in need of resection of both innominate veins for complete cure]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 1997 | volume= 50 | issue= 7 | pages= 531-4 | pmid=9223855 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9223855  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1745983">{{cite journal| author=Demeter JG, De Jong SA, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E| title=Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: risk factors and outcome. | journal=Surgery | year= 1991 | volume= 110 | issue= 6 | pages= 956-61; discussion 961-3 | pmid=1745983 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1745983  }} </ref>
*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]<ref name="pmid21696550">{{cite journal| author=Patel S, Shah D, Chintala K, Karpawich PP| title=Atrial baffle problems following the Mustard operation in children and young adults with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the need for improved clinical detection in the current era. | journal=Congenit Heart Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 6 | issue= 5 | pages= 466-74 | pmid=21696550 | doi=10.1111/j.1747-0803.2011.00532.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21696550  }} </ref>
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 13:33, 12 April 2019

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [3]

Overview

Superior vena cava syndrome may be caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava by neoplastic invasion of the venous wall, intravascular thrombosis, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged ascending aorta, or by extrinsic pressure of a tumor against the thin-walled superior vena cava.[1]

Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, arteriovenous fistula, atrial myxoma, atrial septal defect, blood clots in the superior vena cava, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, pericarditis, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, thrombophlebitis, thrombosis of the superior vena cava, transposition of the great vessels, vasculitis
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Behcet's disease, dermoid cyst, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Goitre, teratoma, thyroid cancer
Environmental Mesothelioma
Gastroenterologic Cystic fibrosis, esophageal varices
Genetic Cystic fibrosis
Hematologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, cystic hygroma, plasmacytomas
Iatrogenic Indwelling catheter, Mustard procedure, pacemakers, parenteral nutrition, presence of central venous catheters, radiation therapy
Infectious Disease Actinomycosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, filariasis, histoplasmosis, mediastinitis, sepsis, syphilis, tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Increased intracranial pressure
Nutritional / Metabolic Cystic fibrosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Dermoid cyst, teratoma
Oncologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adenocarcinoma of the lung, breast cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, cystic hygroma, dermoid cyst, esophageal cancer, Good syndrome, Hodgkin disease, large B-cell lymphoma, large cell carcinoma of the lung, leiomyosarcomas, lung cancer, lymphoblastic lymphoma, lymphoma, malignancy, mediastinal tumor, mesothelioma, metastasis, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, oat cell carcinoma, Pancoast tumor, plasmacytomas, renal cell carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, teratoma, testicular cancer, thymic tumors, thymoma, thyroid cancer
Opthalmologic Dermoid cyst
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Cystic fibrosis,fibrosing mediastinitis, large cell carcinoma of the lung, lung cancer, mediastinal fibrosis, mediastinitis, mesothelioma, Pancoast tumor, pneumothorax, sclerosing mediastinitis, small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte Renal cell carcinoma
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Behcet's disease, Good syndrome, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Testicular cancer
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Superior vena cava syndrome. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava_syndrome Accessed on January, 11 2016
  2. ↑ Cohen R, Mena D, Carbajal-Mendoza R, Matos N, Karki N (2008). "Superior vena cava syndrome: A medical emergency?". Int J Angiol. 17 (1): 43–6. PMC 2728369. PMID 22477372.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reechaipichitkul W, Thongpaen S (2004). "Etiology and outcome of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction in adults". Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 35 (2): 453–7. PMID 15691155.
  4. ↑ Wudel LJ, Nesbitt JC (2001). "Superior vena cava syndrome". Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2 (1): 77–91. PMID 12057143.
  5. ↑ Arya LS, Narain S, Tomar S, Thavaraj V, Dawar R, Bhargawa M (2002). "Superior vena cava syndrome". Indian J Pediatr. 69 (4): 293–7. PMID 12019548.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hinojosa Mena-Bernal MC, Fernández Martínez I, Ergueta Martín P, González Sarmiento E (1998). "[Etiologic prevalence of superior vena cava syndrome]". An Med Interna. 15 (10): 531–3. PMID 9844228.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 González Fajardo JA, García Yuste M, Flórez Peláez S, Alvarez Gago T, Ramos Seisdedos G (1991). "[Etiologic considerations regarding superior vena cava syndrome]". An Med Interna. 8 (11): 562–5. PMID 1790283.
  8. ↑ Tayama K, Aoyagi S, Akashi H, Oryoji A, Higa Y, Hiromatsu S; et al. (1995). "Aortic dissection after aortic valve replacement. Report of a case with an aortocameral fistula". Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 43 (5): 299–301. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1013799. PMID 8610294.
  9. ↑ Bostankolu A, Aksungur VL, Aksungur EH, Ozpoyraz M, Yücel A, Memisoglu HR (1997). "Excessive bleeding from genital ulcers of Behçet's disease". Cutis. 60 (3): 159–61. PMID 9314623.
  10. ↑ Oh SH, Lee JH, Shin JU, Bang D (2008). "Dermatological features in Behçet disease-associated vena cava obstruction". Br J Dermatol. 159 (3): 555–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08679.x. PMID 18565188.
  11. ↑ Roguin A, Edelstein S, Edoute Y (1997). "Superior vena cava syndrome as a primary manifestation of Behçet's disease. A case report". Angiology. 48 (4): 365–8. PMID 9112886.
  12. ↑ Meriney DK (1990). "Application of Orem's conceptual framework to patients with hypercalcemia related to breast cancer". Cancer Nurs. 13 (5): 316–23. PMID 2245419.
  13. ↑ Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ (1992). "Dermatologic features of the superior vena cava syndrome". Arch Dermatol. 128 (7): 953–6. PMID 1626963.
  14. ↑ Adegboye VO, Ogunseyinde AO, Obajimi MO, Brimmo AI, Adebo OA (2008). "Superior vena cava obstruction: diagnosis, management and outcome". East Afr Med J. 85 (3): 129–36. PMID 18663886.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Rice TW, Rodriguez RM, Light RW (2006). "The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology". Medicine (Baltimore). 85 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0. PMID 16523051.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Miles RR, Arnold S, Cairo MS (2012). "Risk factors and treatment of childhood and adolescent Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia". Br J Haematol. 156 (6): 730–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.09024.x. PMID 22260323.
  17. ↑ Chow BJ, McKim DA, Shennib H, Dales RE (1997). "Superior vena cava obstruction secondary to mediastinal lymphadenopathy in a patient with cystic fibrosis". Chest. 112 (5): 1438–41. PMID 9367491.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Gilbert HM, Hartman BJ (1996). "Short report: a case of fibrosing mediastinitis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54 (6): 596–9. PMID 8686778.
  19. ↑ Anders HJ (1998). "Compression syndromes caused by substernal goitres". Postgrad Med J. 74 (872): 327–9. PMC 2360941. PMID 9799884.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Joven MH, Palalay MP, Sonido CY (2013). "Case report and literature review on Good's syndrome, a form of acquired immunodeficiency associated with thymomas". Hawaii J Med Public Health. 72 (2): 56–62. PMC 3585500. PMID 23467629.
  21. ↑ Hammoud ZT, Rose AS, Hage CA, Knox KS, Rieger K, Kesler KA (2009). "Surgical management of pulmonary and mediastinal sequelae of histoplasmosis: a challenging spectrum". Ann Thorac Surg. 88 (2): 399–403. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.041. PMID 19632382.
  22. ↑ Aitken ML, Tonelli MR (2000). "Complications of indwelling catheters in cystic fibrosis: a 10-year review". Chest. 118 (6): 1598–602. PMID 11115445.
  23. ↑ Gadage V, Kembhavi S, Kumar P, Shet T (2011). "Primary cardiac diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with activated B-cell-like phenotype". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 (3): 591–3. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.85104. PMID 21934230.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Dumantepe M, Tarhan A, Ozler A (2013). "Successful treatment of central venous catheter induced superior vena cava syndrome with ultrasound accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 81 (7): E269–73. doi:10.1002/ccd.24855. PMID 23404752.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Thakker M, Keteepe-Arachi T, Abbas A, Barker G, Ruparelia N, Kingston GT; et al. (2012). "A primary cardiac sarcoma presenting with superior vena cava obstruction". Am J Emerg Med. 30 (1): 264.e3–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2010.11.030. PMID 21277135.
  26. ↑ McKellar DP, Verazin GT, Lim KM, Spiegel JC, Block BL (1994). "Superior vena cava syndrome and tracheal obstruction due to multinodular goiter". Head Neck. 16 (1): 72–4. PMID 8125791.
  27. ↑ Chen JC, Bongard F, Klein SR (1990). "A contemporary perspective on superior vena cava syndrome". Am J Surg. 160 (2): 207–11. PMID 2382775.
  28. ↑ Coulson JD, Pitlick PT, Miller DC, French JW, Marshall WH, Fryer AD; et al. (1984). "Severe superior vena cava syndrome and hydrocephalus after the Mustard procedure: findings and a new surgical approach". Circulation. 70 (3 Pt 2): I47–53. PMID 6378426.
  29. ↑ Riley RF, Petersen SE, Ferguson JD, Bashir Y (2010). "Managing superior vena cava syndrome as a complication of pacemaker implantation: a pooled analysis of clinical practice". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 33 (4): 420–5. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02613.x. PMID 20051021.
  30. ↑ Senthilvel E, Papadakis A, Jain V, Bruner J (2009). "Pacemaker induced superior vena cava syndrome: a case report". Cases J. 2: 6463. doi:10.4076/1757-1626-2-6463. PMC 2740218. PMID 19829810.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Khan BA, Mahmood Q (2009). "Iatrogenic superior vena caval syndrome". J Pak Med Assoc. 59 (10): 719–20. PMID 19813691.
  32. ↑ Beers TR, Burnes J, Fleming CR (1990). "Superior vena caval obstruction in patients with gut failure receiving home parenteral nutrition". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 14 (5): 474–9. PMID 2122020.
  33. ↑ Ripoll Orts F, Vázquez Prado A, Villaba Caballero R, Martí Bonmatí E, Trullenque Peris R (1996). "[Superior vena cava occlusion syndrome in a patient receiving total parenteral nutrition for short bowel syndrome]". Nutr Hosp. 11 (3): 204–7. PMID 8766617.
  34. ↑ Suduł T, Domagała-Kulawik J (2012). "[Clinical manifestation and radiological features of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)]". Wiad Lek. 65 (2): 97–101. PMID 23289254.
  35. ↑ Tarao M, Nitta T, Hayashi M, Ichihashi M, Goto A (1997). "[A case of thyroid cancer invading into mediastinum that was in need of resection of both innominate veins for complete cure]". Kyobu Geka. 50 (7): 531–4. PMID 9223855.
  36. ↑ Demeter JG, De Jong SA, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E (1991). "Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: risk factors and outcome". Surgery. 110 (6): 956–61, discussion 961-3. PMID 1745983.
  37. ↑ Patel S, Shah D, Chintala K, Karpawich PP (2011). "Atrial baffle problems following the Mustard operation in children and young adults with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the need for improved clinical detection in the current era". Congenit Heart Dis. 6 (5): 466–74. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2011.00532.x. PMID 21696550.

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