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***[[specificity (tests)|Specificity]] of 99% | ***[[specificity (tests)|Specificity]] of 99% | ||
===Neck=== | ===Neck=== | ||
*[[Nuchal rigidity]] or [[asterixis]] | *[[Nuchal rigidity]] or [[asterixis]]: May suggest an underlying systemic disorder | ||
===Lungs=== | ===Lungs=== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
The physical examination of patients with seizure may reveal: lateral tongue bites, nuchal rigidity or asterixis, bruises or scrapes on the body after falls, signs of a neurocutaneous syndrome associated with epilepsy on the skin, back pain, transient or persistent focal weakness or asymmetry, and urinary incontinence.
Physical Examination
The physical examination of patients with seizure may reveal:[1][2][3][4][5]
- Lateral tongue bites
- Observed in 22% of patients with all types of epileptic seizures, but not observed in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
- A small study found that finding a bite to the side of the tongue was very helpful when present in diagnosing seizure.[6]
- Sensitivity of 24%
- Specificity of 99%
- Nuchal rigidity or asterixis
- May suggest an underlying systemic disorder
- Bruises or scrapes on the body after falls
- Signs of a neurocutaneous syndrome associated with epilepsy on the skin (such as neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome)
- Back pain
- May suggest a vertebral compression fracture
- Transient or persistent focal weakness or asymmetry
- May suggest the area of the brain abnormality that may have caused the seizure
- Urinary incontinence
Physical examination of patients with seizures depends on the underlying cause.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with seizure may appear completely normal or may have signs of trauma or other findings specific to the underlying etiology.
Vital Signs
- Vital signs are usually normal after once baseline is reached. However, it should be monitored.
- Oxygen saturation should be assessed.
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with seizure is usually normal. There may be bruises or scrapes on the body after a fall due to seizure.
- Signs of a neurocutaneous syndrome associated with epilepsy on the skin (such as neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome) may be observed.
HEENT
- Lateral tongue bites
- Observed in 22% of patients with all types of epileptic seizures, but not observed in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.
- A small study found that finding a bite to the side of the tongue was very helpful when present in diagnosing seizure.[6]
- Sensitivity of 24%
- Specificity of 99%
Neck
- Nuchal rigidity or asterixis: May suggest an underlying systemic disorder
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with seizure is usually normal.
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with seizure is usually normal.
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- Abdominal distension
- Abdominal tenderness in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
- Rebound tenderness (positive Blumberg sign)
- A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
- Guarding may be present
- Hepatomegaly / splenomegaly / hepatosplenomegaly
- Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test
Back
- Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
- Sacral edema
- Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
- Buffalo hump
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
- Inflamed mucosa
- Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge
Neuromuscular
- Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
- Altered mental status
- Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
- Clonus may be present
- Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
- Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
- Muscle rigidity
- Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
- ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
- Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
- Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
- Positive straight leg raise test
- Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
- Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
- Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
- Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
- Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)
Extremities
- Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- Clubbing
- Cyanosis
- Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper/lower extremities
- Muscle atrophy
- Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity
References
- ↑ Gavvala JR, Schuele SU (2016). "New-Onset Seizure in Adults and Adolescents: A Review". JAMA. 316 (24): 2657–2668. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.18625. PMID 28027373.
- ↑ Brigo F, Storti M, Lochner P, Tezzon F, Fiaschi A, Bongiovanni LG; et al. (2012). "Tongue biting in epileptic seizures and psychogenic events: an evidence-based perspective". Epilepsy Behav. 25 (2): 251–5. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.020. PMID 23041172.
- ↑ Browne TR, Holmes GL (2001). "Epilepsy". N Engl J Med. 344 (15): 1145–51. doi:10.1056/NEJM200104123441507. PMID 11297707.
- ↑ Ahmed SN, Spencer SS (2004). "An approach to the evaluation of a patient for seizures and epilepsy". WMJ. 103 (1): 49–55. PMID 15101468.
- ↑ Bank AM, Bazil CW (2019). "Emergency Management of Epilepsy and Seizures". Semin Neurol. 39 (1): 73–81. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1677008. PMID 30743294.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Benbadis SR, Wolgamuth BR, Goren H, Brener S, Fouad-Tarazi F (1995). "Value of tongue biting in the diagnosis of seizures". Arch. Intern. Med. 155 (21): 2346–9. PMID 7487261.