Scoliosis classification: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Rohan}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Rohan}} | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Scoliosis can be classified into congenital scoliosis (due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae), idiopathic scoliosis(when the cause is not known) or neuromuscular scoliosis (due to loss of muscle strength or voluntary muscle control). | [[Scoliosis]] can be classified into [[congenital scoliosis]] (due to failure of [[Vertebra|vertebral]] formation or segmentation of affected [[Vertebra|vertebrae]]), [[idiopathic]] [[scoliosis]](when the cause is not known) or [[Neuromuscular|neuromuscular scoliosis]] (due to loss of [[Muscle|muscle strength]] or voluntary muscle control). | ||
=== Congenital Scoliosis === | === Congenital Scoliosis === | ||
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[[File:Hemivertebra-with-congenital-scoliosis.jpg|200px|thumb|Right supernumerary D10/D11 hemivertebra is noted associated with mild right dorsal scoliosis as well as mild focal kyphotic deformity. [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/hemivertebra-with-congenital-scoliosis-3Source: Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad A. ElBeialy, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 41542]]] | [[File:Hemivertebra-with-congenital-scoliosis.jpg|200px|thumb|Right supernumerary D10/D11 hemivertebra is noted associated with mild right dorsal scoliosis as well as mild focal kyphotic deformity. [https://radiopaedia.org/cases/hemivertebra-with-congenital-scoliosis-3Source: Case courtesy of Dr Mohammad A. ElBeialy, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 41542]]] | ||
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* Congenital scoliosis is subdivided based on radiological finding, combined structural component involved and 3-D CT.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=RB |last2=Moe |first2=JH |date=1960,Jan 01 |title=Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History |url= |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am. |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=1-15 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imagama |first1=S |last2=Kawakami |first2=N |date=2005 |title=Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation. |url= |journal=J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. |volume=20 |issue= |pages=20-25 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref> | * [[Scoliosis|Congenital scoliosis]] is subdivided based on radiological finding, combined structural component involved and 3-D CT.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winter |first1=RB |last2=Moe |first2=JH |date=1960,Jan 01 |title=Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History |url= |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am. |volume=50 |issue=1 |page=1-15 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Imagama |first1=S |last2=Kawakami |first2=N |date=2005 |title=Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation. |url= |journal=J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. |volume=20 |issue= |pages=20-25 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= | name-list-format=vanc }}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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[[File:Idiopathic Scoliosis.JPG|200px|thumb|Idiopathic Thoracolumbar scoliosis. Source: Case courtesy by: [[User:Rohan Bhimani|Dr. Rohan A. Bhimani]]]] | [[File:Idiopathic Scoliosis.JPG|200px|thumb|Idiopathic Thoracolumbar scoliosis. Source: Case courtesy by: [[User:Rohan Bhimani|Dr. Rohan A. Bhimani]]]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Idiopathic scoliosis may be further classified into three types based on age of onset and anatomical level involved.<ref>Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref><ref name="pmid6654943">{{cite journal| author=King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Winter RB| title=The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1983 | volume= 65 | issue= 9 | pages= 1302-13 | pmid=6654943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6654943 }} </ref> | *[[Idiopathic scoliosis]] may be further classified into three types based on age of onset and anatomical level involved.<ref>Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.</ref><ref name="pmid6654943">{{cite journal| author=King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Winter RB| title=The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. | journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am | year= 1983 | volume= 65 | issue= 9 | pages= 1302-13 | pmid=6654943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6654943 }} </ref> | ||
======Based on Age of Onset====== | ======Based on Age of Onset====== | ||
*Infantile idipathic scoliosis (birth to 3 years) | *Infantile [[Scoliosis|idipathic scoliosis]] (birth to 3 years) | ||
*Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (4 to 9 years) | *[[Juvenile (organism)|Juvenile]] [[idiopathic scoliosis]] (4 to 9 years) | ||
*Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (10 to 20 years) | *[[Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis]] (10 to 20 years) | ||
======Based on Anatomical Level Involved====== | ======Based on Anatomical Level Involved====== | ||
King and Moe defined five curve types: | King and Moe defined five curve types: | ||
*Type 1: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the lumbar curve being larger than the thoracic one | *Type 1: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the [[Lumbar|lumbar curve]] being larger than the thoracic one | ||
*Type 2: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the thoracic curve being larger or equal to the lumbar one | *Type 2: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the [[Thoracic|thoracic curve]] being larger or equal to the [[lumbar]] one | ||
*Type 3: major thoracic curve in which only the thoracic curve is structural and crosses the CSVL | *Type 3: major [[thoracic]] curve in which only the thoracic curve is structural and crosses the CSVL | ||
*Type 4: long C shape thoracic curve in which the fifth lumbar vertebra is centered over the sacrum and the | *Type 4: long C shape thoracic curve in which the fifth [[lumbar]] vertebra is centered over the [[sacrum]] and the fourth [[lumbar]] vertebra is tilted into the thoracic curve | ||
*Type 5: double thoracic curve | *Type 5: double [[thoracic]] curve | ||
=== Neuromuscular Scoliosis === | === Neuromuscular Scoliosis === | ||
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**** Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy | **** Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy | ||
***[[Arthrogryposis]] | ***[[Arthrogryposis]] | ||
***Congenital hypotonia | ***Congenital [[hypotonia]] | ||
***Myotonia dystrophica | ***Myotonia dystrophica | ||
Latest revision as of 15:13, 10 December 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2]
Classification
Scoliosis can be classified into congenital scoliosis (due to failure of vertebral formation or segmentation of affected vertebrae), idiopathic scoliosis(when the cause is not known) or neuromuscular scoliosis (due to loss of muscle strength or voluntary muscle control).
Congenital Scoliosis
 |
- Congenital scoliosis is subdivided based on radiological finding, combined structural component involved and 3-D CT.[1][2]
| Complete failure - hemivertebra, butterfly vertebra | |
| Failure of formation | Partial failure - wedged vertebra |
| Unilateral failure - longitudinal failure | |
| Failure of segmentation | Bilateral failure - block vertebra |
| Miscellaneous | Formation and segmentation mixed failure |
| Anterior component | Posterior component |
|---|---|
| Hemivertebra (hemipedicle) | Fully segmented hemilamina |
| Semisegmented hemilamina | |
| Spina bifida | |
| Bilamina (complete or incomplete) | |
| Butterfly lamina (bipedicle) | Wedged lamina |
| Spina bifida | |
| Lateral wedged vertebra (bipedicle) | Wedged Lamina |
| Type 1 | Solitary simple congenital malformation (unison)
|
| Type 2 | Multiple simple anomalies (unison)
|
| Type 3 | Complex anomalies (discordant)
|
| Type 4 | Segmentation failure only |
Idiopathic Scoliosis
 |
- Idiopathic scoliosis may be further classified into three types based on age of onset and anatomical level involved.[3][4]
Based on Age of Onset
- Infantile idipathic scoliosis (birth to 3 years)
- Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis (4 to 9 years)
- Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (10 to 20 years)
Based on Anatomical Level Involved
King and Moe defined five curve types:
- Type 1: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the lumbar curve being larger than the thoracic one
- Type 2: an S shape deformity, in which both curves are structural and cross the CSVL, with the thoracic curve being larger or equal to the lumbar one
- Type 3: major thoracic curve in which only the thoracic curve is structural and crosses the CSVL
- Type 4: long C shape thoracic curve in which the fifth lumbar vertebra is centered over the sacrum and the fourth lumbar vertebra is tilted into the thoracic curve
- Type 5: double thoracic curve
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
- Neuromuscular scoliosis can be further subdivided based on the classification of scoliosis research society.[5]
- Primary neuropathies
- Upper motor neuron neuropathies
- Cerebral palsy
- Spinocerebellar degeneration
- Syringomyelia
- Spinal cord tumor
- Spinal cord trauma
- Lower motor neuron neuropathies
- Poliomyelitis
- Other viral myelitides
- Traumatic
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Werdnig-Hoffmann disease (SMA type 1)
- Kugelberg-Welander disease (SMA type 2)
- Dysautonomia
- Combined upper and lower pathologies
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Myelomeningocele
- Tether cord
- Primary myopathies
- Muscular dystrophy
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Limb-girdle dystrophy
- Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
- Arthrogryposis
- Congenital hypotonia
- Myotonia dystrophica
- Muscular dystrophy
References
- ↑ Winter RB, Moe JH (1960,Jan 01). "Congenital Scoliosis A Study of 234 Patients Treated and Untreated Part I: Natural History". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 50 (1): 1-15. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Imagama S, Kawakami N (2005). "Spatial relationships between a deformed vertebra and an adjacent vertebra in congenial scoliosis-failure of formation". J Jpn Scoliosis Soc. 20: 20–25.
- ↑ Azar, F., Canale, S., Beaty, J. & Campbell, W. (2017). Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Page: 1898-2028.
- ↑ King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Winter RB (1983). "The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 65 (9): 1302–13. PMID 6654943.
- ↑ McCarthy, Richard E. (1999). "MANAGEMENT OF NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 435–449. doi:10.1016/S0030-5898(05)70096-1. ISSN 0030-5898.