SLC22A1: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox_gene}}
{{PBB_Controls
'''Solute carrier family 22 member 1''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC22A1'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid9605850">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koehler MR, Wissinger B, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Schmid M | title = The two human organic cation transporter genes SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 are located on chromosome 6q26 | journal = Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics | volume = 79 | issue = 3-4 | pages = 198–200 | date = Jun 1998 | pmid = 9605850 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1159/000134720 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC22A1 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6580| accessdate = }}</ref>
| update_page = yes
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| update_protein_box = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Function ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1
| HGNCid = 10963
| Symbol = SLC22A1
| AltSymbols =; OCT1; HOCT1; oct1_cds
| OMIM = 602607
| ECnumber = 
| Homologene = 20665
| MGIid = 108111
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_SLC22A1_207201_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015075 |text = ion transmembrane transporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015101 |text = organic cation transmembrane transporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015293 |text = symporter activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0031402 |text = sodium ion binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005624 |text = membrane fraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005887 |text = integral to plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006811 |text = ion transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006814 |text = sodium ion transport}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015695 |text = organic cation transport}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 6580
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000175003
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_003048
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_003057
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 6
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 160462795
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 160499740
    | Hs_Uniprot = 
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 20517
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000023829
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_009202
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_033228
    | Mm_GenLoc_db = 
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 17
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 12492232
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 12519196
    | Mm_Uniprot = 
  }}
}}
'''Solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1''', also known as '''SLC22A1''', is a human [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC22A1 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6580| accessdate = }}</ref>


<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot.  See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are critical for elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is one of three similar cation transporter genes located in a cluster on chromosome 6. The encoded protein contains twelve putative transmembrane domains and is a plasma integral membrane protein. Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only the longer variant encodes a functional transporter.<ref name="entrez" />
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are critical for elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is one of three similar cation transporter genes located in a cluster on chromosome 6. The encoded protein contains twelve putative transmembrane domains and is a plasma integral membrane protein. Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only the longer variant encodes a functional transporter.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SLC22A1 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6580| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}


==See also==
It is also required for the uptake of [[metformin]] by cells.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pryor|first1=R|last2=Cabreiro|first2=F|last3=Haberland|first3=G|title=Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets|journal=Biochemical Journal|date=16 October 2015|volume=471|issue=3|pages=307–322|doi=10.1042/BJ20150497|pmid=26475449|pmc=4613459}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rosilio|first1=C|last2=Ben-Sahra|first2=I|last3=Bost|first3=F|last4=Peyron|first4=JF|title=Metformin: a metabolic disruptor and anti-diabetic drug to target human leukemia.|journal=Cancer Letters|date=1 May 2014|volume=346|issue=2|pages=188-96|doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.006|pmid=24462823}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Solute carrier family]]
* [[Solute carrier family]]
* [[Organic cation transport proteins]]


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Berkhout B, Jeang KT | title = Functional roles for the TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 139–49 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1727476 | pmc = 238269 | doi =  }}
| citations =
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Jeang KT, Chun R, Lin NH, Gatignol A, Glabe CG, Fan H | title = In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 67 | issue = 10 | pages = 6224–33 | date = October 1993 | pmid = 7690421 | pmc = 238044 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Berkhout B, Jeang KT |title=Functional roles for the TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=66 |issue= 1 |pages= 139-49 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1727476 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu YZ, Lania L, Latchman DS | title = Functional interaction between the HIV-1 Tat transactivator and the inhibitory domain of the Oct-2 cellular transcription factor | journal = Aids | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 1323–9 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8902060 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-199610000-00003 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Jeang KT, Chun R, Lin NH, ''et al.'' |title=In vitro and in vivo binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and Sp1 transcription factor. |journal=J. Virol. |volume=67 |issue= 10 |pages= 6224-33 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7690421 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu YZ, Latchman DS | title = The octamer-binding proteins Oct-1 and Oct-2 repress the HIV long terminal repeat promoter and its transactivation by Tat | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 322 ( Pt 1) | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 155–8 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9078256 | pmc = 1218171 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liu YZ, Lania L, Latchman DS |title=Functional interaction between the HIV-1 Tat transactivator and the inhibitory domain of the Oct-2 cellular transcription factor. |journal=AIDS |volume=10 |issue= 12 |pages= 1323-9 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8902060 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, Yost SC, Terashita S, Giacomini KM | title = Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter | journal = Molecular Pharmacology | volume = 51 | issue = 6 | pages = 913–21 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9187257 | doi =  }}
*{{cite journal | author=Liu YZ, Latchman DS |title=The octamer-binding proteins Oct-1 and Oct-2 repress the HIV long terminal repeat promoter and its transactivation by Tat. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=322 ( Pt 1) |issue= |pages= 155-8 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9078256 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, Ulzheimer-Teuber I, Karbach U, Quester S, Baumann C, Lang F, Busch AE, Koepsell H | title = Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters | journal = DNA and Cell Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 871–81 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9260930 | doi = 10.1089/dna.1997.16.871 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter. |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=51 |issue= 6 |pages= 913-21 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9187257 |doi=  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Verhaagh S, Schweifer N, Barlow DP, Zwart R | title = Cloning of the mouse and human solute carrier 22a3 (Slc22a3/SLC22A3) identifies a conserved cluster of three organic cation transporters on mouse chromosome 17 and human 6q26-q27 | journal = Genomics | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–18 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9933568 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5639 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Gorboulev V, Ulzheimer JC, Akhoundova A, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and characterization of two human polyspecific organic cation transporters. |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=16 |issue= 7 |pages= 871-81 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9260930 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chasman D, Cepek K, Sharp PA, Pabo CO | title = Crystal structure of an OCA-B peptide bound to an Oct-1 POU domain/octamer DNA complex: specific recognition of a protein-DNA interface | journal = Genes & Development | volume = 13 | issue = 20 | pages = 2650–7 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10541551 | pmc = 317104 | doi = 10.1101/gad.13.20.2650 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Koehler MR, Wissinger B, Gorboulev V, ''et al.'' |title=The two human organic cation transporter genes SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 are located on chromosome 6q26. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=79 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 198-200 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9605850 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tomilin A, Reményi A, Lins K, Bak H, Leidel S, Vriend G, Wilmanns M, Schöler HR | title = Synergism with the coactivator OBF-1 (OCA-B, BOB-1) is mediated by a specific POU dimer configuration | journal = Cell | volume = 103 | issue = 6 | pages = 853–64 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11136971 | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00189-6 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Verhaagh S, Schweifer N, Barlow DP, Zwart R |title=Cloning of the mouse and human solute carrier 22a3 (Slc22a3/SLC22A3) identifies a conserved cluster of three organic cation transporters on mouse chromosome 17 and human 6q26-q27. |journal=Genomics |volume=55 |issue= 2 |pages= 209-18 |year= 1999 |pmid= 9933568 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1998.5639 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hayer M, Bönisch H, Brüss M | title = Molecular cloning, functional characterization and genomic organization of four alternatively spliced isoforms of the human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1/SLC22A1) | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 63 | issue = Pt 6 | pages = 473–82 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 11388889 | doi = 10.1017/S0003480099007770 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chasman D, Cepek K, Sharp PA, Pabo CO |title=Crystal structure of an OCA-B peptide bound to an Oct-1 POU domain/octamer DNA complex: specific recognition of a protein-DNA interface. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=13 |issue= 20 |pages= 2650-7 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10541551 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pietig G, Mehrens T, Hirsch JR, Cetinkaya I, Piechota H, Schlatter E | title = Properties and regulation of organic cation transport in freshly isolated human proximal tubules | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 276 | issue = 36 | pages = 33741–6 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11447227 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M104617200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tomilin A, Reményi A, Lins K, ''et al.'' |title=Synergism with the coactivator OBF-1 (OCA-B, BOB-1) is mediated by a specific POU dimer configuration. |journal=Cell |volume=103 |issue= 6 |pages= 853-64 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11136971 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pan H, Qin WX, Huo KK, Wan DF, Yu Y, Xu ZG, Hu QD, Gu KT, Zhou XM, Jiang HQ, Zhang PP, Huang Y, Li YY, Gu JR | title = Cloning, mapping, and characterization of a human homologue of the yeast longevity assurance gene LAG1 | journal = Genomics | volume = 77 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 58–64 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11543633 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2001.6614 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hayer M, Bönisch H, Brüss M |title=Molecular cloning, functional characterization and genomic organization of four alternatively spliced isoforms of the human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1/SLC22A1). |journal=Ann. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue= Pt 6 |pages= 473-82 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11388889 |doi= 10.1017/S0003480099007770 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Xu XR, Huang J, Xu ZG, Qian BZ, Zhu ZD, Yan Q, Cai T, Zhang X, Xiao HS, Qu J, Liu F, Huang QH, Cheng ZH, Li NG, Du JJ, Hu W, Shen KT, Lu G, Fu G, Zhong M, Xu SH, Gu WY, Huang W, Zhao XT, Hu GX, Gu JR, Chen Z, Han ZG | title = Insight into hepatocellular carcinogenesis at transcriptome level by comparing gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma with those of corresponding noncancerous liver | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 98 | issue = 26 | pages = 15089–94 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11752456 | pmc = 64988 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.241522398 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pietig G, Mehrens T, Hirsch JR, ''et al.'' |title=Properties and regulation of organic cation transport in freshly isolated human proximal tubules. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 36 |pages= 33741-6 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11447227 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M104617200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schinkel AH, Jonker JW | title = Polymorphisms affecting function of the human organic cation transporter hOCT1 (SLC22A1): what are the consequences? | journal = Pharmacogenetics | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 589–90 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12439217 | doi = 10.1097/00008571-200211000-00001 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Pan H, Qin WX, Huo KK, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning, mapping, and characterization of a human homologue of the yeast longevity assurance gene LAG1. |journal=Genomics |volume=77 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 58-64 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11543633 |doi= 10.1006/geno.2001.6614 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kerb R, Brinkmann U, Chatskaia N, Gorbunov D, Gorboulev V, Mornhinweg E, Keil A, Eichelbaum M, Koepsell H | title = Identification of genetic variations of the human organic cation transporter hOCT1 and their functional consequences | journal = Pharmacogenetics | volume = 12 | issue = 8 | pages = 591–5 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12439218 | doi = 10.1097/00008571-200211000-00002 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Xu XR, Huang J, Xu ZG, ''et al.'' |title=Insight into hepatocellular carcinogenesis at transcriptome level by comparing gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma with those of corresponding noncancerous liver. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue= 26 |pages= 15089-94 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11752456 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.241522398 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Schaffer A, Kim EC, Wu X, Zan H, Testoni L, Salamon S, Cerutti A, Casali P | title = Selective inhibition of class switching to IgG and IgE by recruitment of the HoxC4 and Oct-1 homeodomain proteins and Ku70/Ku86 to newly identified ATTT cis-elements | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 278 | issue = 25 | pages = 23141–50 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12672812 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M212952200 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schinkel AH, Jonker JW |title=Polymorphisms affecting function of the human organic cation transporter hOCT1 (SLC22A1): what are the consequences? |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=12 |issue= 8 |pages= 589-90 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12439217 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shu Y, Leabman MK, Feng B, Mangravite LM, Huang CC, Stryke D, Kawamoto M, Johns SJ, DeYoung J, Carlson E, Ferrin TE, Herskowitz I, Giacomini KM | title = Evolutionary conservation predicts function of variants of the human organic cation transporter, OCT1 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 10 | pages = 5902–7 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12719534 | pmc = 156299 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0730858100 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kerb R, Brinkmann U, Chatskaia N, ''et al.'' |title=Identification of genetic variations of the human organic cation transporter hOCT1 and their functional consequences. |journal=Pharmacogenetics |volume=12 |issue= 8 |pages= 591-5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12439218 |doi= }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Sakata T, Anzai N, Shin HJ, Noshiro R, Hirata T, Yokoyama H, Kanai Y, Endou H | title = Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) affecting transport functions | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 313 | issue = 3 | pages = 789–93 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14697261 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.175 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Schaffer A, Kim EC, Wu X, ''et al.'' |title=Selective inhibition of class switching to IgG and IgE by recruitment of the HoxC4 and Oct-1 homeodomain proteins and Ku70/Ku86 to newly identified ATTT cis-elements. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 25 |pages= 23141-50 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12672812 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M212952200 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bottalico B, Larsson I, Brodszki J, Hernandez-Andrade E, Casslén B, Marsál K, Hansson SR | title = Norepinephrine transporter (NET), serotonin transporter (SERT), vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) and organic cation transporters (OCT1, 2 and EMT) in human placenta from pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies | journal = Placenta | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 518–29 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15135235 | doi = 10.1016/j.placenta.2003.10.017 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Shu Y, Leabman MK, Feng B, ''et al.'' |title=Evolutionary conservation predicts function of variants of the human organic cation transporter, OCT1. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue= 10 |pages= 5902-7 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12719534 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0730858100 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Sakata T, Anzai N, Shin HJ, ''et al.'' |title=Novel single nucleotide polymorphisms of organic cation transporter 1 (SLC22A1) affecting transport functions. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=313 |issue= 3 |pages= 789-93 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14697261 |doi=  }}
*{{cite journal  | author=Bottalico B, Larsson I, Brodszki J, ''et al.'' |title=Norepinephrine transporter (NET), serotonin transporter (SERT), vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) and organic cation transporters (OCT1, 2 and EMT) in human placenta from pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. |journal=Placenta |volume=25 |issue= 6 |pages= 518-29 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15135235 |doi= 10.1016/j.placenta.2003.10.017 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{membrane-protein-stub}}
{{NLM content}}
{{NLM content}}
{{Membrane transport proteins}}
{{Membrane transport proteins}}
[[Category:Solute carrier family]]
[[Category:Solute carrier family]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Revision as of 06:28, 11 September 2017

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)n/an/a
PubMed searchn/an/a
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View/Edit Human

Solute carrier family 22 member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC22A1 gene.[1][2]

Function

Polyspecific organic cation transporters in the liver, kidney, intestine, and other organs are critical for elimination of many endogenous small organic cations as well as a wide array of drugs and environmental toxins. This gene is one of three similar cation transporter genes located in a cluster on chromosome 6. The encoded protein contains twelve putative transmembrane domains and is a plasma integral membrane protein. Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only the longer variant encodes a functional transporter.[2]

It is also required for the uptake of metformin by cells.[3][4]

See also

References

  1. Koehler MR, Wissinger B, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Schmid M (Jun 1998). "The two human organic cation transporter genes SLC22A1 and SLC22A2 are located on chromosome 6q26". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 79 (3–4): 198–200. doi:10.1159/000134720. PMID 9605850.
  2. 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: SLC22A1 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1".
  3. Pryor, R; Cabreiro, F; Haberland, G (16 October 2015). "Repurposing metformin: an old drug with new tricks in its binding pockets". Biochemical Journal. 471 (3): 307–322. doi:10.1042/BJ20150497. PMC 4613459. PMID 26475449.
  4. Rosilio, C; Ben-Sahra, I; Bost, F; Peyron, JF (1 May 2014). "Metformin: a metabolic disruptor and anti-diabetic drug to target human leukemia". Cancer Letters. 346 (2): 188–96. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.006. PMID 24462823.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.