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==Overview==
==Overview==
Psoriasis is a [[systemic]], [[immune-mediated disease]], characterized by [[inflammation]] of the [[skin]] and [[joints]]. It commonly causes [[erythematous]] [[Scaling skin|scaly]] patches on the [[skin]]. The scaly patches caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques, are areas of [[inflammation]] and excessive [[skin]] production. [[Skin]] rapidly accumulates at these sites and takes a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the [[Elbow-joint|elbows]] and [[knee]]s, but can affect any area including the [[scalp]] and [[sex organ|genitals]]. Psoriasis is hypothesized to be [[immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated]] and is not [[contagious]]. Psoriasis is a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] recurring condition which varies in severity from minor localized patches to complete body coverage. [[Nail (anatomy)|Fingernails]] and [[toenails]] are frequently affected ([[psoriatic]] [[Nail Changes|nail]] [[dystrophy]]). Psoriasis can also cause [[Arthritis|inflammation of the joints]], which is known as [[psoriatic arthritis]]. 10-15% of people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis namely, [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|plaque-type psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|guttate psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)]], and [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|erythrodermic psoriasis]]. The [[pathophysiology]] of psoriasis consists of interactions between [[Cytokine|cytokines]], [[Dendritic cell|dendritic cells]] and [[T lymphocytes]] (particularly [[Th1]] and [[Th17]]). Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[erythematous]], scaly [[Rash erythematous|rash]]<nowiki/> such as [[cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[mycosis fungoides]], [[pityriasis rosea]], [[pityriasis rubra pilaris]], [[pityriasis lichenoides chronica]], [[nummular dermatitis]], [[secondary syphilis]], [[Bowen’s disease]], [[exanthematous pustulosis]], [[Lichen planus|hypertrophic lichen planus]], Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, [[Parapsoriasis|small plaque parapsoriasis]], [[intertrigo]], [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]], [[dyshidrotic dermatitis]], [[tinea manuum]]/[[Tinea pedis|pedum]]/[[Tinea capitis|capitis]], and [[seborrheic dermatitis]]. The [[prevalence]] of psoriasis is estimated to be 500 per 100,000 cases to 4,600 per 100,000 cases annually. The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis is [[topical]] agents applied directly onto the [[lesions]]. [[Topical]] agents include [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[vitamin D]] analogues, [[tar]], [[anthralin]], [[tazarotene]], [[calcineurin]] inhibitors, and [[aloe vera]] extracts. [[Systemic]] therapy may also be used which includes [[Immunosuppresive drug|immunosupressants]] to counteract the disease process.
Psoriasis is a [[systemic]], [[immune-mediated disease]] that is characterized by [[inflammation]] of the [[skin]] and [[joints]]. It commonly causes [[erythematous]] [[Scaling skin|scaly]] patches on the [[skin]]. The scaly patches caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques, are areas of [[inflammation]] and excessive [[skin]] production. [[Skin]] rapidly accumulates at these sites and takes on a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the [[Elbow-joint|elbows]] and [[knee]]s, but can affect any area including the [[scalp]] and [[sex organ|genitals]]. Psoriasis is hypothesized to be [[immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated]] and is not [[contagious]]. Psoriasis is a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] recurring condition which varies in severity from minor localized patches to complete body coverage. [[Nail (anatomy)|Fingernails]] and [[toenails]] are frequently affected, which is referred to as [[psoriatic]] [[Nail Changes|nail]] [[dystrophy]]. Psoriasis can also cause [[Arthritis|inflammation of the joints]], which is known as [[psoriatic arthritis]]. 10-15% of people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis: [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|plaque-type psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|guttate psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)]], and [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|erythrodermic psoriasis]]. The [[pathophysiology]] of psoriasis consists of interactions between [[Cytokine|cytokines]], [[Dendritic cell|dendritic cells]], and [[T lymphocytes]] (particularly [[Th1]] and [[Th17]]). Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an [[erythematous]], scaly [[Rash erythematous|rash]]<nowiki/> such as [[cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[mycosis fungoides]], [[pityriasis rosea]], [[pityriasis rubra pilaris]], [[pityriasis lichenoides chronica]], [[nummular dermatitis]], [[secondary syphilis]], [[Bowen’s disease]], [[exanthematous pustulosis]], [[Lichen planus|hypertrophic lichen planus]], Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, [[Parapsoriasis|small plaque parapsoriasis]], [[intertrigo]], [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]], [[dyshidrotic dermatitis]], [[tinea manuum]]/[[Tinea pedis|pedum]]/[[Tinea capitis|capitis]], and [[seborrheic dermatitis]]. The [[prevalence]] of psoriasis is estimated to be between 500 and 4,600 cases annually per 100,000 people. The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis is [[topical]] agents applied directly onto the [[lesions]]. [[Topical]] agents include [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[vitamin D]] analogues, [[tar]], [[anthralin]], [[tazarotene]], [[calcineurin]] inhibitors, and [[aloe vera]] extracts. [[Systemic]] therapy may also be used; this can include [[Immunosuppresive drug|immunosupressants]] to counteract the progression of the disease.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Psoriasis was first described during ancient times and named "Tzaraat" in the Bible, though the term also included other skin conditions. At first, psoriasis, [[leprosy]], and other [[inflammatory]] [[skin]] conditions were thought to be the same, but with the advancement of medical science, psoriasis became known to be a separate entity. The [[pathophysiology]] of psoriasis was described in 1960s and 1970s after [[histopathological]] study of the disease. The application of cat [[feces]] to red [[lesions]] on the [[skin]], for example, was one of the earliest [[topical]] treatments employed in ancient Egypt. Onions, sea salt, and [[urine]], goose oil and [[semen]], wasp droppings in sycamore milk, and soup made from vipers have all been reported as ancient treatments. [[Sulfur]] was fashionable as a treatment for psoriasis in the Victorian and Edwardian eras and has gained importance again in the modern era as a substitute for other treatments. Psoriasis is a life-long disease with multiple [[Relapse|relapses]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remissions]] but symptoms can be controlled by medications.
Psoriasis was first described during ancient times and was referred to as "Tzaraat" in the Bible, though the term also included other skin conditions. Initially, psoriasis, [[leprosy]], and other [[inflammatory]] [[skin]] conditions were thought to be the same, but with the advancement of medical science, psoriasis became known as a separate entity. The [[pathophysiology]] of psoriasis was described in 1960s and 1970s after [[histopathological]] study of the disease. The application of cat [[feces]] to red [[lesions]] on the [[skin]], for example, was one of the earliest [[topical]] treatments employed in ancient Egypt. Onions, sea salt, [[urine]], goose oil and [[semen]], wasp droppings in sycamore milk, and soup made from vipers have all been reported as ancient treatments for psoriasis. [[Sulfur]] was fashionable as a treatment for psoriasis in the Victorian and Edwardian eras and has gained importance again in the modern era as a substitute for other treatments. Psoriasis is a life-long disease that often involves multiple [[Relapse|relapses]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remissions]], though symptoms can be controlled with proper medication.


==Classification==
==Classification==
Psoriasis can be classified according to clinical appearance, [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], and localization. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis: [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|plaque-type psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|guttate psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)]], and [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|erythroderma]]. Psoriasis can also be classified according to disease severity into mild, moderate, and severe. Several further subphenotypes have been named according to distribution (localized vs. widespread), [[anatomical]] <nowiki/>localization (flexural- also called inverse, [[scalp]], [[Palms of the hands|palms]]/[[soles]]/nail), size (large vs. small) and thickness (thick vs. thin) of [[Plaque|plaques]], onset (early vs. late), and disease activity (active vs. stable).
Psoriasis can be classified according to clinical appearance, [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], and localization. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis: [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|plaque-type psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|guttate psoriasis]], [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP)]], and [[Psoriasis classification#Classification|erythroderma]]. Psoriasis can also be classified according to disease severity into mild, moderate, and severe. Several further sub-phenotypes have been named according to distribution (localized vs. widespread), [[anatomical]] <nowiki/>localization (flexural or inverse, [[scalp]], [[Palms of the hands|palms]]/[[soles]]/nail), size (large vs. small) and thickness (thick vs. thin) of [[Plaque|plaques]], onset (early vs. late), and disease activity (active vs. stable).


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
Psoriasis is an [[immune-mediated disease]] with [[genetic predisposition]], but no specific [[Immunogenicity|immunogen]] has been identified. The [[pathophysiology]] consists of interactions between [[Cytokine|cytokines]], [[Dendritic cell|dendritic cells]], and [[T lymphocytes]] (particularly [[Th1]] and [[Th17]]). Common triggers of psoriasis include injury to the [[skin]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]], [[infection]] and [[Medication|medications]]. [[T cell|T cells]] play a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via production of [[Proinflammatory|pro-inflammatory]] [[cytokines]]. Certain [[genes]] increase the susceptibility of developing psoriasis and the first [[gene]] that was discovered to be linked to the development of psoriasis was [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA-Cw6]], which is located at PSORS1 at [[chromosomal]] position 6p21.3. Microscopically, the [[skin]] displays parakeratosis, acanthosis, [[hyperkeratosis]], Kogoj pustules and Munro's [[Abscesses|microabscesses]]. The red appearance of psoriatic lesions is due to [[Vasodilation|dilated blood vessels]] in the [[skin]].
Psoriasis is an [[immune-mediated disease]] with a [[genetic predisposition]], although no specific [[Immunogenicity|immunogen]] has been implicated in the development of psoriasis. The [[pathophysiology]] consists of interactions between [[Cytokine|cytokines]], [[Dendritic cell|dendritic cells]], and [[T lymphocytes]] (particularly [[Th1]] and [[Th17]]). Common triggers of psoriasis include injury to the [[skin]], [[Physical trauma|trauma]], [[infection]], and [[Medication|medications]]. [[T cell|T cells]] play a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via the production of [[Proinflammatory|pro-inflammatory]] [[cytokines]]. Certain [[genes]] increase the likelihood of developing psoriasis; the first [[gene]] that was discovered to be linked to the development of psoriasis was [[Human leukocyte antigen|HLA-Cw6]], which is located at PSORS1 at [[chromosomal]] position 6p21.3. Microscopically, the [[skin]] displays parakeratosis, acanthosis, [[hyperkeratosis]], Kogoj pustules, and Munro's [[Abscesses|microabscesses]]. The red appearance of psoriatic lesions is due to [[Vasodilation|dilated blood vessels]] in the [[skin]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Psoriasis is caused due to complex interactions between the [[genetics]], [[immune system]], and environmental factors.
Psoriasis is caused by complex interactions between [[genetics]], the [[immune system]], and environmental factors.


==Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases==
==Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases==
Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[erythematous]], scaly [[Rash erythematous|rash]], such as [[cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[mycosis fungoides]], [[pityriasis rosea]], [[pityriasis rubra pilaris]], [[pityriasis lichenoides chronica]], [[nummular dermatitis]], [[secondary syphilis]], [[Bowen’s disease]], [[exanthematous pustulosis]], [[Lichen planus|hypertrophic lichen planus]], Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, [[Parapsoriasis|small plaque parapsoriasis]], [[intertrigo]], [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]], [[dyshidrotic dermatitis]], [[tinea manuum]]/pedum/[[Tinea capitis|capitis]], and [[seborrheic dermatitis]].
Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an [[erythematous]], scaly [[Rash erythematous|rash]], such as [[cutaneous T cell lymphoma]]/[[mycosis fungoides]], [[pityriasis rosea]], [[pityriasis rubra pilaris]], [[pityriasis lichenoides chronica]], [[nummular dermatitis]], [[secondary syphilis]], [[Bowen’s disease]], [[exanthematous pustulosis]], [[Lichen planus|hypertrophic lichen planus]], Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, [[Parapsoriasis|small plaque parapsoriasis]], [[intertrigo]], [[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]], [[dyshidrotic dermatitis]], [[tinea manuum]]/pedum/[[Tinea capitis|capitis]], and [[seborrheic dermatitis]].


==Epidemiology and demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
The [[prevalence]] of psoriasis is estimated to be 500 per 100,000 cases to 4,600 per 100,000 cases annually. Psoriasis usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Psoriasis tends to affect Northern European and South East Asian countries.
The [[prevalence]] of psoriasis is estimated to be between 500 and 4,600 cases annually per 100,000 people. Psoriasis usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Psoriasis tends to primarily affect Northern European and Southeast Asian countries.


==Risk factors==
==Risk factors==
The most potent risk factor in the development of psoriasis is [[autoimmunity]]. Other risk factors include [[genetic predisposition]] and environmental factors.
Common risk factors in the development of psoriasis are [[Gene|genes]] which increase the susceptibility of developing psoriasis and environmental triggers. The presence of these risk factors may lead to [[Autoimmunity|auto-immunity]] and development of psoriasis.


== Screening ==
== Screening ==
There is no consensus on screening for psoriasis among the general population but screening tools exist, such as the psoriasis screening tool (PST) and [[genetic testing]].
The national psoriasis foundation recommends [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] patients affected with psoriasis for psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The CASPAR criteria may be used to screen patients for psoriastic arthritis.


==Natural history, complications and prognosis==
==Natural history, complications and prognosis==
If left untreated, patients with psoriasis may progress to develop [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[joint]] erosions, and [[conjunctivitis]]. Common complications of psoriasis include [[depression]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease|chronic inflammatory bowel disease]], [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[celiac disease]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[osteopenia]], and [[osteoarthritis]]. Psoriasis is a life-long disease with multiple [[Relapse|relapses]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remissions]] but symptoms can be controlled by medications.
If left untreated, patients with psoriasis may progress to develop [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[joint]] erosions, and [[conjunctivitis]]. Common complications of psoriasis include [[depression]], [[psoriatic arthritis]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease|chronic inflammatory bowel disease]], [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[celiac disease]], [[sensorineural hearing loss]], [[osteopenia]], and [[osteoarthritis]]. Psoriasis is a life-long disease that involves multiple [[Relapse|relapses]] and [[Remission (medicine)|remissions]], though symptoms can be controlled with proper medication.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==


===History and Symptoms===
===History and Symptoms===
The hallmark of psoriasis is a [[papulosquamous]], [[erythematous]], scaly [[rash]] which can be commonly found on [[Dorsal|extensor surfaces]] of the body. Although flexural surfaces may also be involved in inverse psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis usually have a history of recent [[Streptococcal pharyngitis|streptococcal throat infection]], [[viral infection]], [[immunization]], use of [[Antimalarial drug|antimalarial drugs]], or [[Physical trauma|trauma]]. The most common symptoms of psoriasis include [[pain]], which has been described by patients as unpleasant, superficial, sensitive, itchy, hot, or burning (especially in erythrodermic psoriasis and in some cases of traumatized [[plaques]] or in the [[joints]] affected by [[psoriatic arthritis]]). Patients also present with [[pruritus]] (especially in eruptive, guttate psoriasis) and high [[fever]] in erythrodermic and [[Pustular rash|pustular]] psoriasis. Other symptoms include dystrophic nails, long-term [[erythematous]] scaly [[rash]] with recent presentation of [[arthralgia]]/[[arthralgia]] without any visible [[skin]] findings. Other extra cutaneous symptoms include [[Erythema|redness]] and tearing of eyes due to [[conjunctivitis]] or [[blepharitis]]. Avoiding of social interactions is common among patients especially during active phase.
The hallmark of psoriasis is a [[papulosquamous]], [[erythematous]], scaly [[rash]] that can be commonly found on [[Dorsal|extensor surfaces]] of the body. Flexural surfaces may also be involved in cases of inverse psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis usually have a history of recent [[Streptococcal pharyngitis|streptococcal throat infection]], [[viral infection]], [[immunization]], use of [[Antimalarial drug|antimalarial drugs]], or [[Physical trauma|trauma]]. The most common symptoms of psoriasis include [[pain]], which has been described by patients as unpleasant, superficial, sensitive, itchy, hot, or burning (especially in erythrodermic psoriasis and in some cases of traumatized [[plaques]] or in the [[joints]] affected by [[psoriatic arthritis]]). Patients also present with [[pruritus]] (especially in eruptive, guttate psoriasis) and high [[fever]] in erythrodermic and [[Pustular rash|pustular]] psoriasis. Other symptoms include dystrophic nails and long-term [[erythematous]], scaly [[rash]] with recent presentation of [[arthralgia]]/[[arthralgia]] without any visible [[skin]] findings. Other extracutaneous symptoms include [[Erythema|redness]] and tearing of eyes due to [[conjunctivitis]] or [[blepharitis]]. Avoidance of social interactions is common among patients, especially during the active phase of the disorder.


===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
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===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of psoriasis include increased level of Long Pentraxin 3 protein (PTX3) and [[Complement|complement levels]].
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of psoriasis include increased levels of Long Pentraxin 3 protein (PTX3) and [[Complement|complement levels]].


=== X-Ray ===
=== X-Ray ===
There are no X-ray findings associated with psoriasis. However, it can be used to diagnose [[psoriatic arthritis]] which may lead to erosion of bone tissue and characteristic "pencil-in-cup" deformities. It may also lead to [[periostitis]], [[dactylitis]], or [[arthritis]] mutilans.
There are no x-ray findings associated with psoriasis. However, x-rays can be used to diagnose [[psoriatic arthritis]], which may lead to the erosion of bone tissue and characteristic "pencil-in-cup" deformities. [[Psoriatic arthritis]] may also lead to [[periostitis]], [[dactylitis]], or [[arthritis]] mutilans.


=== Ultrasound ===
=== Ultrasound ===
There are no [[ultrasound]] findings associated with [[cutaneous]] psoriasis but ultrasound may be used as a bedside tool to visualize [[Joint|joints]] in psoriatic arthritis.
There are no [[ultrasound]] findings associated with [[cutaneous]] psoriasis, though ultrasound may be used as a bedside tool for the visualization of [[Joint|joints]] in cases of [[psoriatic arthritis]].


=== CT scan ===
=== CT scan ===
There are no [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] findings associated with psoriasis involving the [[skin]] but [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] may be used to visualize the [[spine]] in psoriatic arthritis.
There are no [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] findings associated with psoriasis involving the [[skin]], though a [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] may be used to visualize the [[spine]] in cases psoriatic arthritis.


=== MRI ===
=== MRI ===
There are no [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] findings associated with [[cutaneous]] psoriasis but [[MRI]] may be used in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) to catch the disease in its early phase.
There are no [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]] findings associated with [[cutaneous]] psoriasis, though an [[MRI]] may be used in cases of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) to catch the disease in its early phase.


=== Other Imaging Studies ===
=== Other Imaging Studies ===
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=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
Skin biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of psoriasis. Common findings include perivascular and [[dermal]] [[Inflammatory cells|inflammatory cell]] infiltration, [[vascular]] dilation, and absent [[granular layer]].
[[Skin biopsy]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of psoriasis. Common findings include [[Perivascular cell|perivascular]] and [[dermal]] [[Inflammatory cells|inflammatory cell]] infiltration, [[vascular]] dilation, and the absence of the [[granular layer]].


==Treatment==
==Treatment==


===Medical Therapy===
===Medical Therapy===
The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis is [[topical]] agents applied directly onto the [[lesions]]. [[Topical]] agents include [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[vitamin D]] analogues, [[tar]], [[anthralin]], [[tazarotene]], [[calcineurin]] inhibitors, and [[aloe vera]] extracts. Systemic therapy may also be used which includes [[Immunosuppresive drug|immunosupressants]] to counter act the disease process. The first-line treatment for symptomatic psoriatic arthritis is [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]].
The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis consists of [[topical]] agents applied directly onto the [[lesions]]. [[Topical]] agents used to treat psoriasis include [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]], [[vitamin D]] analogues, [[tar]], [[anthralin]], [[tazarotene]], [[calcineurin]] inhibitors, and [[aloe vera]] extracts. Systemic therapy may also be used; this can include [[Immunosuppresive drug|immunosupressants]] to counteract the progression of the disease. The first-line treatment for symptomatic psoriatic arthritis is [[Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAIDs]].


=== Surgery ===
=== Surgery ===
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===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
There is no primary prevention for psoriasis.
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of psoriasis.


=== Secondary Prevention ===
=== Secondary Prevention ===
There is no secondary prevention for psoriasis.
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of psoriasis.
 
===Social Impact===
 
The quality of life is an important factor in evaluating the severity of the disease. There are many treatments available, but because of its [[chronic]], recurrent nature, psoriasis is challenging to treat.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Dermatology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 23:52, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

Psoriasis is a systemic, immune-mediated disease that is characterized by inflammation of the skin and joints. It commonly causes erythematous scaly patches on the skin. The scaly patches caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques, are areas of inflammation and excessive skin production. Skin rapidly accumulates at these sites and takes on a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the elbows and knees, but can affect any area including the scalp and genitals. Psoriasis is hypothesized to be immune-mediated and is not contagious. Psoriasis is a chronic recurring condition which varies in severity from minor localized patches to complete body coverage. Fingernails and toenails are frequently affected, which is referred to as psoriatic nail dystrophy. Psoriasis can also cause inflammation of the joints, which is known as psoriatic arthritis. 10-15% of people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis: plaque-type psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), and erythrodermic psoriasis. The pathophysiology of psoriasis consists of interactions between cytokinesdendritic cells, and T lymphocytes (particularly Th1 and Th17). Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an erythematous, scaly rash such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoidespityriasis roseapityriasis rubra pilarispityriasis lichenoides chronicanummular dermatitissecondary syphilisBowen’s diseaseexanthematous pustulosishypertrophic lichen planus, Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, small plaque parapsoriasisintertrigoLangerhans cell histiocytosisdyshidrotic dermatitistinea manuum/pedum/capitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. The prevalence of psoriasis is estimated to be between 500 and 4,600 cases annually per 100,000 people. The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis is topical agents applied directly onto the lesionsTopical agents include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, taranthralintazarotene, calcineurin inhibitors, and aloe vera extracts. Systemic therapy may also be used; this can include immunosupressants to counteract the progression of the disease.

Historical Perspective

Psoriasis was first described during ancient times and was referred to as "Tzaraat" in the Bible, though the term also included other skin conditions. Initially, psoriasis, leprosy, and other inflammatory skin conditions were thought to be the same, but with the advancement of medical science, psoriasis became known as a separate entity. The pathophysiology of psoriasis was described in 1960s and 1970s after histopathological study of the disease. The application of cat feces to red lesions on the skin, for example, was one of the earliest topical treatments employed in ancient Egypt. Onions, sea salt, urine, goose oil and semen, wasp droppings in sycamore milk, and soup made from vipers have all been reported as ancient treatments for psoriasis. Sulfur was fashionable as a treatment for psoriasis in the Victorian and Edwardian eras and has gained importance again in the modern era as a substitute for other treatments. Psoriasis is a life-long disease that often involves multiple relapses and remissions, though symptoms can be controlled with proper medication.

Classification

Psoriasis can be classified according to clinical appearance, morphology, and localization. The International Psoriasis Council identifies four main forms of psoriasis: plaque-type psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), and erythroderma. Psoriasis can also be classified according to disease severity into mild, moderate, and severe. Several further sub-phenotypes have been named according to distribution (localized vs. widespread), anatomical localization (flexural or inverse, scalp, palms/soles/nail), size (large vs. small) and thickness (thick vs. thin) of plaques, onset (early vs. late), and disease activity (active vs. stable).

Pathophysiology

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease with a genetic predisposition, although no specific immunogen has been implicated in the development of psoriasis. The pathophysiology consists of interactions between cytokinesdendritic cells, and T lymphocytes (particularly Th1 and Th17). Common triggers of psoriasis include injury to the skintraumainfection, and medicationsT cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Certain genes increase the likelihood of developing psoriasis; the first gene that was discovered to be linked to the development of psoriasis was HLA-Cw6, which is located at PSORS1 at chromosomal position 6p21.3. Microscopically, the skin displays parakeratosis, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, Kogoj pustules, and Munro's microabscesses. The red appearance of psoriatic lesions is due to dilated blood vessels in the skin.

Causes

Psoriasis is caused by complex interactions between genetics, the immune system, and environmental factors.

Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases

Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an erythematous, scaly rash, such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoidespityriasis roseapityriasis rubra pilarispityriasis lichenoides chronicanummular dermatitissecondary syphilisBowen’s diseaseexanthematous pustulosishypertrophic lichen planus, Sneddon–Wilkinson disease, small plaque parapsoriasisintertrigoLangerhans cell histiocytosisdyshidrotic dermatitistinea manuum/pedum/capitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Epidemiology and demographics

The prevalence of psoriasis is estimated to be between 500 and 4,600 cases annually per 100,000 people. Psoriasis usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. Psoriasis tends to primarily affect Northern European and Southeast Asian countries.

Risk factors

Common risk factors in the development of psoriasis are genes which increase the susceptibility of developing psoriasis and environmental triggers. The presence of these risk factors may lead to auto-immunity and development of psoriasis.

Screening

The national psoriasis foundation recommends screening patients affected with psoriasis for psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The CASPAR criteria may be used to screen patients for psoriastic arthritis.

Natural history, complications and prognosis

If left untreated, patients with psoriasis may progress to develop psoriatic arthritis, joint erosions, and conjunctivitis. Common complications of psoriasis include depressionpsoriatic arthritischronic inflammatory bowel diseasenon-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseceliac diseasesensorineural hearing lossosteopenia, and osteoarthritis. Psoriasis is a life-long disease that involves multiple relapses and remissions, though symptoms can be controlled with proper medication.

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

The hallmark of psoriasis is a papulosquamouserythematous, scaly rash that can be commonly found on extensor surfaces of the body. Flexural surfaces may also be involved in cases of inverse psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis usually have a history of recent streptococcal throat infectionviral infectionimmunization, use of antimalarial drugs, or trauma. The most common symptoms of psoriasis include pain, which has been described by patients as unpleasant, superficial, sensitive, itchy, hot, or burning (especially in erythrodermic psoriasis and in some cases of traumatized plaques or in the joints affected by psoriatic arthritis). Patients also present with pruritus (especially in eruptive, guttate psoriasis) and high fever in erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis. Other symptoms include dystrophic nails and long-term erythematous, scaly rash with recent presentation of arthralgia/arthralgia without any visible skin findings. Other extracutaneous symptoms include redness and tearing of eyes due to conjunctivitis or blepharitis. Avoidance of social interactions is common among patients, especially during the active phase of the disorder.

Physical Examination

On physical examination, psoriasis is characterized by erythematous, scaling papules and plaques.

Laboratory Findings

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of psoriasis include increased levels of Long Pentraxin 3 protein (PTX3) and complement levels.

X-Ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with psoriasis. However, x-rays can be used to diagnose psoriatic arthritis, which may lead to the erosion of bone tissue and characteristic "pencil-in-cup" deformities. Psoriatic arthritis may also lead to periostitisdactylitis, or arthritis mutilans.

Ultrasound

There are no ultrasound findings associated with cutaneous psoriasis, though ultrasound may be used as a bedside tool for the visualization of joints in cases of psoriatic arthritis.

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with psoriasis involving the skin, though a CT scan may be used to visualize the spine in cases psoriatic arthritis.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with cutaneous psoriasis, though an MRI may be used in cases of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) to catch the disease in its early phase.

Other Imaging Studies

There are no other imaging findings associated with psoriasis.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Skin biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of psoriasis. Common findings include perivascular and dermal inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular dilation, and the absence of the granular layer.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

The mainstay of therapy for psoriasis consists of topical agents applied directly onto the lesionsTopical agents used to treat psoriasis include corticosteroidsvitamin D analogues, taranthralintazarotene, calcineurin inhibitors, and aloe vera extracts. Systemic therapy may also be used; this can include immunosupressants to counteract the progression of the disease. The first-line treatment for symptomatic psoriatic arthritis is NSAIDs.

Surgery

Tonsillectomy may be used as a treatment for psoriasis.

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of psoriasis.

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of psoriasis.

References

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