Polycystic kidney disease differentiating polycystic kidney disease from other diseases: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:55, 6 June 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M. Khurram Afzal, MD [2] Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Several cystic diseases can have features of ADPKD namely autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD, simple renal cysts, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease, medullary cystic kidney disease and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Differentiating Polycystic kidney disease from other Diseases

Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease must be differentiated from other diseases that cause renal cysts, such as simple renal cysts, medullary sponge kidney, tuberous sclerosis complex, von hippel-lindau disease.

Preferred Table

	Symptoms			Physical examination			Lab Findings	Imaging		Histopathology
Diseases	Clinical manifestations						Para-clinical findings				Gold standard	Additional findings
	Symptoms			Physical examination			Para-clinical findings
	Flank/abdominal pain	Polyuria	Hematuria	Hepatomegaly	Bilateral flank masses	Hypertension	Urinalysis	Ultrasound	CT scan	Histopathology
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)^[1]	+	+	+	+	+	+	microalbuminuria proteinuria	Bilateral fluid filled cysts Ultrasonography of parents will show cysts	Numerous renal cysts Little intervening parenchyma with water attenuation and very thin wall Multiple homogenous cystic lesions in the liver and pancreas	Segmental sclerosis Vascular sclerosis Interstitial fibrosis Tubular atrophy	Ultrasound	Extrarenal manifestations: Hepatic cysts Pancreatic cysts
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)^[2]	+	+	+	+	+	+	microalbuminuria proteinuria	Bilateral fluid filled cysts Ultrasonography of parents will not show cysts	Numerous renal cysts Little intervening parenchyma with water attenuation and very thin wall	Segmental sclerosis Vascular sclerosis Interstitial fibrosis Tubular atrophy	Ultrasound	Extrarenal manifestations: Portal fibrosis Portal hypertension Ascending cholangitis Biliary dysgenesis Pulmonary hypoplasia in neonates
Simple renal cyst^[3]	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	Normal sized kidneys Smooth contour	-	Thin walled cortical cysts Filled with clear yellow fluid Cuboidal, flattened or atrophic epithelium	-	Negative family history of renal cystic disease Age ≥ 30 yrs
Medullary sponge kidney^[4]^[5]	+	+/-	+	-	+	-	microalbuminuria proteinuria	Malformation of distal collecting tubules Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis Renal cortex is spared Medullary nephrocalcinosis	Segmental or diffused papillary malformation Enlarged medullary collecting ducts	-	Tubular acidosis Recurrent urinary tract infections
Tuberous sclerosis complex^[6]^[7]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	-	-	Renal cysts Renal angiomyolipomas	CT kidneys will differentiate cystic and solid lesions, as well as renal angiomyolipomas CT brain shows: Cortical hemartomas White matter lesions	Epithelioid tissue Epithelial cysts Angiomyolipoma	-	Seizures Mental retardation Angiofibroma (face) Shagreen patch
Von Hippel-Lindau disease^[8]^[9]	+	+/-	+	-	+	-	-	Renal cysts	Differentiates simple from complex cysts	Clear cell abnormalities Simple cysts Malignant cysts	CT scan	Retinal hemangioma Clear cell renal cell carcinoma Cerebellar and spinal hemangioblastoma Pheochromocytoma Pancreatic tumor

References

↑ Gabow PA (July 1993). "Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (5): 332–42. doi:10.1056/NEJM199307293290508. PMID 8321262.
↑ Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC (January 2006). "Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)". Medicine (Baltimore). 85 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a. PMID 16523049.
↑ Ravine D, Gibson RN, Donlan J, Sheffield LJ (December 1993). "An ultrasound renal cyst prevalence survey: specificity data for inherited renal cystic diseases". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22 (6): 803–7. PMID 8250026.
↑ Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, Bonfante L, D'Angelo A, Antonello A (February 2006). "Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s". Kidney Int. 69 (4): 663–70. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000035. PMID 16395272.
↑ Levine E, Hartman DS, Meilstrup JW, Van Slyke MA, Edgar KA, Barth JC (August 1997). "Current concepts and controversies in imaging of renal cystic diseases". Urol. Clin. North Am. 24 (3): 523–43. PMID 9275977.
↑ Umeoka S, Koyama T, Miki Y, Akai M, Tsutsui K, Togashi K (2008). "Pictorial review of tuberous sclerosis in various organs". Radiographics. 28 (7): e32. doi:10.1148/rg.e32. PMID 18772274.
↑ Manoukian SB, Kowal DJ (May 2015). "Comprehensive imaging manifestations of tuberous sclerosis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204 (5): 933–43. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12235. PMID 25905927.
↑ Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, Benjamin C, Harris R, Moore AT, Ferguson-Smith MA (November 1990). "Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease". Q. J. Med. 77 (283): 1151–63. PMID 2274658.
↑ Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, Oldfield EH (June 2003). "von Hippel-Lindau disease". Lancet. 361 (9374): 2059–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13643-4. PMID 12814730.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid8321262-1] Gabow PA (July 1993). "Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (5): 332–42. doi:10.1056/NEJM199307293290508. PMID 8321262.

[pmid16523049-2] Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC (January 2006). "Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)". Medicine (Baltimore). 85 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a. PMID 16523049.

[pmid8250026-3] Ravine D, Gibson RN, Donlan J, Sheffield LJ (December 1993). "An ultrasound renal cyst prevalence survey: specificity data for inherited renal cystic diseases". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22 (6): 803–7. PMID 8250026.

[pmid16395272-4] Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, Bonfante L, D'Angelo A, Antonello A (February 2006). "Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s". Kidney Int. 69 (4): 663–70. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000035. PMID 16395272.

[pmid9275977-5] Levine E, Hartman DS, Meilstrup JW, Van Slyke MA, Edgar KA, Barth JC (August 1997). "Current concepts and controversies in imaging of renal cystic diseases". Urol. Clin. North Am. 24 (3): 523–43. PMID 9275977.

[pmid18772274-6] Umeoka S, Koyama T, Miki Y, Akai M, Tsutsui K, Togashi K (2008). "Pictorial review of tuberous sclerosis in various organs". Radiographics. 28 (7): e32. doi:10.1148/rg.e32. PMID 18772274.

[pmid25905927-7] Manoukian SB, Kowal DJ (May 2015). "Comprehensive imaging manifestations of tuberous sclerosis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204 (5): 933–43. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12235. PMID 25905927.

[pmid2274658-8] Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, Benjamin C, Harris R, Moore AT, Ferguson-Smith MA (November 1990). "Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease". Q. J. Med. 77 (283): 1151–63. PMID 2274658.

[pmid12814730-9] Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, Oldfield EH (June 2003). "von Hippel-Lindau disease". Lancet. 361 (9374): 2059–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13643-4. PMID 12814730.

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Differentiating Polycystic kidney disease from other Diseases==
-*Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease must be differentiated from other diseases that cause renal cysts, such as simple renal cysts, medullary sponge kidney, tuberous sclerosis complex, von hippel-lindau disease.
+*[[Autosomal dominant]] and [[autosomal recessive]] polycystic kidney disease must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[renal cysts]], such as simple [[renal cysts]], [[medullary sponge kidney]], [[tuberous sclerosis complex]], von hippel-lindau disease.
 ===Preferred Table===
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)<ref name="pmid8321262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabow PA |title=Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=5 |pages=332–42 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8321262 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199307293290508 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)]]<ref name="pmid8321262">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabow PA |title=Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=5 |pages=332–42 |date=July 1993 |pmid=8321262 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199307293290508 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* microalbuminuria
+* [[microalbuminuria]]
-* proteinuria
+* [[proteinuria]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Bilateral fluid filled cysts
+* [[Bilateral]] [[fluid]] filled [[cysts]]
-* Ultrasonography of parents will show cysts
+* [[Ultrasonography]] of parents will show [[cysts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Numerous renal cysts
+* Numerous [[renal cysts]]
-* Little intervening parenchyma with water attenuation and very thin wall
+* Little intervening [[parenchyma]] with water [[attenuation]] and very thin wall
-* Multiple homogenous cystic lesions in the liver and pancreas
+* Multiple [[homogenous]] [[cystic]] lesions in the [[liver]] and [[pancreas]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Segmental sclerosis
+* Segmental [[sclerosis]]
-* Vascular sclerosis
+* [[Vascular]] [[sclerosis]]
-* Interstitial fibrosis
+* [[Interstitial]] [[fibrosis]]
-* Tubular atrophy
+* [[Tubular]] [[atrophy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Extrarenal manifestations:
-* Hepatic cysts
+* [[Hepatic]] [[cysts]]
-* Pancreatic cysts
+* [[Pancreatic]] [[cysts]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)<ref name="pmid16523049">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC |title=Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16523049 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease|Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)]]<ref name="pmid16523049">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adeva M, El-Youssef M, Rossetti S, Kamath PS, Kubly V, Consugar MB, Milliner DM, King BF, Torres VE, Harris PC |title=Clinical and molecular characterization defines a broadened spectrum of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16523049 |doi=10.1097/01.md.0000200165.90373.9a |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* microalbuminuria
+* [[microalbuminuria]]
-* proteinuria
+* [[proteinuria]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Bilateral fluid filled cysts
+* [[Bilateral]] [[fluid]] filled [[cysts]]
-* Ultrasonography of parents will not show cysts
+* [[Ultrasonography]] of parents will not show [[cysts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Numerous renal cysts
+* Numerous [[renal]] [[cysts]]
-* Little intervening parenchyma with water attenuation and very thin wall
+* Little intervening [[parenchyma]] with water [[attenuation]] and very thin wall
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Segmental sclerosis
+* Segmental [[sclerosis]]
-* Vascular sclerosis
+* [[Vascular]] [[sclerosis]]
-* Interstitial fibrosis
+* [[Interstitial]] [[fibrosis]]
-* Tubular atrophy
+* [[Tubular]] [[atrophy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Extrarenal manifestations:
-* Portal fibrosis
+* [[Portal]] [[fibrosis]]
-* Portal hypertension
+* [[Portal]] [[hypertension]]
-* Ascending cholangitis
+* [[Ascending cholangitis]]
-* Biliary dysgenesis
+* [[Biliary]] [[dysgenesis]]
-* Pulmonary hypoplasia in neonates
+* [[Pulmonary]] [[hypoplasia]] in [[neonates]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Simple renal cyst<ref name="pmid8250026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ravine D, Gibson RN, Donlan J, Sheffield LJ |title=An ultrasound renal cyst prevalence survey: specificity data for inherited renal cystic diseases |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=803–7 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8250026 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Simple [[renal cyst]]<ref name="pmid8250026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ravine D, Gibson RN, Donlan J, Sheffield LJ |title=An ultrasound renal cyst prevalence survey: specificity data for inherited renal cystic diseases |journal=Am. J. Kidney Dis. |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=803–7 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8250026 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Normal sized kidneys
+* Normal sized [[kidneys]]
 * Smooth contour
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Thin walled cortical cysts
+* Thin walled cortical [[cysts]]
-* Filled with clear yellow fluid
+* Filled with clear yellow [[fluid]]
-* Cuboidal, flattened or atrophic epithelium
+* [[Cuboidal]], flattened or [[atrophic]] [[epithelium]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Negative family history of renal cystic disease
+* Negative family history of renal [[cystic]] disease
 * Age ≥ 30 yrs
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Medullary sponge kidney<ref name="pmid16395272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, Bonfante L, D'Angelo A, Antonello A |title=Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=663–70 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16395272 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9275977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine E, Hartman DS, Meilstrup JW, Van Slyke MA, Edgar KA, Barth JC |title=Current concepts and controversies in imaging of renal cystic diseases |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=523–43 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9275977 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Medullary sponge kidney]]<ref name="pmid16395272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gambaro G, Feltrin GP, Lupo A, Bonfante L, D'Angelo A, Antonello A |title=Medullary sponge kidney (Lenarduzzi-Cacchi-Ricci disease): a Padua Medical School discovery in the 1930s |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=663–70 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16395272 |doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9275977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Levine E, Hartman DS, Meilstrup JW, Van Slyke MA, Edgar KA, Barth JC |title=Current concepts and controversies in imaging of renal cystic diseases |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=523–43 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9275977 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* microalbuminuria
+* [[microalbuminuria]]
-* proteinuria
+* [[proteinuria]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Malformation of distal collecting tubules
+* Malformation of [[distal]] collecting [[tubules]]
-* Nephrolithiasis
+* [[Nephrolithiasis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Nephrolithiasis
+* [[Nephrolithiasis]]
-* Renal cortex is spared
+* [[Renal cortex]] is spared
-* Medullary nephrocalcinosis
+* [[Medullary]] [[nephrocalcinosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Segmental or diffused papillary malformation
+* Segmental or diffused [[papillary]] malformation
-* Enlarged medullary collecting ducts
+* Enlarged [[medullary]] collecting [[ducts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Tubular acidosis
+* [[Tubular acidosis]]
-* Recurrent urinary tract infections
+* Recurrent [[urinary tract infections]]
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Tuberous sclerosis complex<ref name="pmid18772274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umeoka S, Koyama T, Miki Y, Akai M, Tsutsui K, Togashi K |title=Pictorial review of tuberous sclerosis in various organs |journal=Radiographics |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=e32 |date=2008 |pmid=18772274 |doi=10.1148/rg.e32 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manoukian SB, Kowal DJ |title=Comprehensive imaging manifestations of tuberous sclerosis |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=204 |issue=5 |pages=933–43 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25905927 |doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12235 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Tuberous sclerosis complex]]<ref name="pmid18772274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Umeoka S, Koyama T, Miki Y, Akai M, Tsutsui K, Togashi K |title=Pictorial review of tuberous sclerosis in various organs |journal=Radiographics |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=e32 |date=2008 |pmid=18772274 |doi=10.1148/rg.e32 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25905927">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manoukian SB, Kowal DJ |title=Comprehensive imaging manifestations of tuberous sclerosis |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=204 |issue=5 |pages=933–43 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25905927 |doi=10.2214/AJR.13.12235 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Renal cysts
+* [[Renal cysts]]
-* Renal angiomyolipomas
+* [[Renal]] angiomyolipomas
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* CT kidneys will differentiate cystic and solid lesions, as well as renal angiomyolipomas
+* CT [[kidneys]] will differentiate [[cystic]] and [[solid]] lesions, as well as [[renal]] angiomyolipomas
-* CT brain shows:
+* CT [[brain]] shows:
 * Cortical hemartomas
 * White matter lesions
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Epithelioid tissue
+* [[Epithelioid]] tissue
-* Epithelial cysts
+* [[Epithelial]] [[cysts]]
 * Angiomyolipoma
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Seizures
+* [[Seizures]]
-* Mental retardation
+* Mental [[retardation]]
-* Angiofibroma (face)
+* [[Angiofibroma]] (face)
 * Shagreen patch
 |-
-| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Von Hippel-Lindau disease<ref name="pmid2274658">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, Benjamin C, Harris R, Moore AT, Ferguson-Smith MA |title=Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=77 |issue=283 |pages=1151–63 |date=November 1990 |pmid=2274658 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12814730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, Oldfield EH |title=von Hippel-Lindau disease |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9374 |pages=2059–67 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12814730 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13643-4 |url=}}</ref>
+| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Von Hippel-Lindau disease]]<ref name="pmid2274658">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, Benjamin C, Harris R, Moore AT, Ferguson-Smith MA |title=Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease |journal=Q. J. Med. |volume=77 |issue=283 |pages=1151–63 |date=November 1990 |pmid=2274658 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12814730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, Oldfield EH |title=von Hippel-Lindau disease |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9374 |pages=2059–67 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12814730 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13643-4 |url=}}</ref>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Renal cysts
+* [[Renal cysts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Differentiates simple from complex cysts
+* Differentiates simple from complex [[cysts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Clear cell abnormalities
+* [[Clear cell]] abnormalities
-* Simple cysts
+* Simple [[cysts]]
-* Malignant cysts
+* [[Malignant]] [[cysts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | CT scan
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | [[CT scan]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
-* Retinal hemangioma
+* [[Retinal]] [[hemangioma]]
-* Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
+* [[Clear cell]] [[renal cell carcinoma]]
-* Cerebellar and spinal hemangioblastoma
+* [[Cerebellar]] and spinal [[hemangioblastoma]]
-* Pheochromocytoma
+* [[Pheochromocytoma]]
-* Pancreatic tumor
+* [[Pancreatic]] [[tumor]]
 |}