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| ==[[Personality disorder overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Personality disorder overview|Overview]]== |
| Personality disorders (PD) are described as unique, long-term pervasive patterns of expressing and manifesting emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in an inflexible and maladaptive manner leading to significant functional [[impairment]] in one's life. [[Personality traits]], in contrast, are specific patterns of thinking, perceiving, and responding to different situations in an adaptive and tenaciously stable way throughout life. The personality traits formulate an essential aspect in one's life in facing and dealing with contrasting situations as maladaptive [[personality]] can result in clinical distress and [[psychosocial impairment]]. In order to differentiate normal responses from abnormal or [[pathological]], the criterion employed requires behaviors displayed by a majority in the population as normal and [[pathological]] if they are rare or there is the absence of a sense of contentment and adaptability to the social environment or marked deviation from cultural expectations. Hence, these are relative terms, and therefore, the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) has established a set criterion for diagnosing [[personality disorders]]. This is based on the presence of impaired personality functioning and pathological traits. The [[pathophysiology]] of PD remains unclear to date. There are countless complex [[psychodynamic theories]] explaining the development of the disorder. Both [[genetic]] and environmental factors interplay in the causation of PD. A decrease in [[monoamine oxidase]] (MAO), and [[serotonin]] levels are seen with multiple PD. Although mostly recognized and diagnosed in adults, PD is present and develops in youth and adolescence. About 1 in 10 adolescents meets the criteria for PD. There are ten personality traits classified into 3 clusters; A, B, and C, based on similar characteristics. A clinical criterion as set by DSM-V is used for the diagnosis after the exclusion of other similar conditions ([[mental health disorder]], [[substance use disorder]], structural [[central nervous system]] (CNS) disorder). For most personality disorders, an age greater than 18 years is required for the diagnosis. This disorder is retained throughout an individual's life; however, certain types become less intense with age. The presence of PD is associated with increased [[mortality]]. The increased [[mortality]] is associated with unnatural causes like [[suicide]], accidents, [[homicide]], [[substance abuse]], and [[depression]]. Natural death chances may also be enhanced in PD due to negative perspectives and emotions regarding health problems in life and the correlation of impaired mental health with physical health. [[Alcoholism]] and [[substance abuse]] contribute as precipitating factors and complications in PD. [[Psychotherapy]] remains the mainstay of treatment in both [[management]] and preventing complications. Medications are used as adjuncts. [[Cognitive-Behavioral therapy]], [[impulse control]], [[interpersonal psychotherapy]], self-help groups, and family therapy are required. Medical therapy is required to balance and restore the [[neurotransmitter]] abnormalities associated with PD. Among them, [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]](SSRIs) and newer [[antidepressants]] remain the hallmark. [[Antipsychotics]] and [[mood stabilizers]] also help. Despite individual and supportive [[psychotherapy]], treatment of PD remains challenging and difficult.
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| ==[[Personality disorder historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Personality disorder historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Personality disorder history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Personality disorder physical examination|Physical Examination]] |[[Personality disorder laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Personality disorder other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] |[[Personality disorder other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Personality disorder medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Personality disorder surgery|Surgery]] | [[Personality disorder primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Personality disorder secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Personality disorder cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Personality disorder future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | |
| | ==[[Personality disorder psychotherapy|Psychotherapy]]== |
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| | ==[[Personality disorder medical therapy|Medical Therapy]]== |
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| == Case Studies == | | == Case Studies == |