Mental disorder
| Mental disorder | |
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Mental disorder Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Mental disorder On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Mental disorder |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Differential Diagnosis
In alphabetical order. [1] [2]
Anxiety Disorders
- Acute stress disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Obsessive compulsive disorder
- Panic disorder
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Social phobia
- Specific phobia
Childhood Disorders
- Asperger's disorder
- Attention-Deficit disorder
- Autistic disorder
- Conduct disorder
- Oppositional defiant disorder
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Tourette's syndrome
Cognitive Disorders
Eating Disorders
Mood Disorders
- Bipolar Disorder
- Cyclothymic disorder
- Dysthymic disorder
- Major depressive disorder
Personality Disorders
- Antisocial personality
- Borderline personality
- Dependent personality
- Histrionic personality
- Obsessive-compulsive personality
Schizophrenia (and other)
- Brief psychotic disorder
- Delusional disorder
- Psychotic disorders
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Shared psychotic disorder
Substance-Related Disorders
- Alcoholism
- Amphetamines
- Cannabis
- Cocaine
- Hallucinogens
- Inhalants
- Nicotine
- Opinoids
- Phencyclidines
- Sedatives
Treatment
Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities. They may be under case management (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or day treatment, utilize a psychosocial rehabilitation program, and/or take part in an Assertive Community Treatment program. Individuals may be treated against their will in some cases, especially if assessed to be at high risk to themselves or others. Services in some countries are increasingly based on a Recovery model that supports an individual's journey to regain a meaningful life.
Laws and policies
Three quarters of countries around the world have mental health legislation. Compulsory admission to mental health facilities (also known as Involuntary commitment or sectioning), is a controversial topic. From some points of view it can impinge on personal liberty and the right to choose, and carry the risk of abuse for political, social and other reasons; from other points of view, it can potentially prevent harm to self and others, and assist some people in attaining their right to healthcare when unable to decide in their own interests.[3]
All human-rights orientated mental health laws require proof of the presence of a mental disorder as defined by internationally accepted standards, but the type and severity of disorder that counts can vary in different jurisdictions. The two most often utilized grounds for involuntary admission are said to be serious likelihood of immediate or imminent danger to self or others, and the need for treatment. Applications for someone to be involuntarily admitted may usually come from a mental health practitioner, a family member, a close relative, or a guardian. Human-rights-orientated laws usually stipulate that independent medical practitioners or other accredited mental health practitioners must examine the patient separately and that there should be regular, time-bound review by an independent review body.[3] An individual must be shown to lack the capacity to give or withhold informed consent (i.e. to understand treatment information and its implications). Proxy consent (also known as substituted decision-making) may be given to a personal representative, a family member or a legally appointed guardian, or patients may have been able to enact an advance directive as to how they wish to be treated.[3] The right to supported decision-making may also be included in legislation.[4] Involuntary treatment laws may be extended to those living in the community, for example Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) are used in New Zealand, Australia and 38 states in the US and are being planned in the UK.[5]
The World Health Organization reports that in many instances national mental health legislation takes away the rights of persons with mental disorders rather than protecting rights, and is often outdated.[3] In 1991, the United Nations adopted the Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care, which established minimum human rights standards of practice in the mental health field. In 2006 the UN formally agreed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of disabled people, including those with psychosocial disabilities[6]
The term insanity, sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for mental illness, is often used technically as a legal term.
Perception and discrimination
Media
Media coverage of mental illness comprises predominantly negative depictions, for example, of incompetence, violence or criminality, with far less coverage of positive issues such as accomplishments or human rights issues.[7][8][9] Such negative depictions, including in children's cartoons, are thought to contribute to stigma and negative attitudes in the public and in those with mental health problems themselves, although more sensitive or serious cinematic portrayals have increased in prevalence.[10][11]
General public
The general public have been found to hold a strong stereotype of dangerousness and desire for social distance from individuals described as mentally ill.[12] Japan has been reported to have more negative attitudes than Australia, although stigma appears common in both countries.[13]
Violence
The public fear of violence due to mental illness is a contentious topic. One US national survey indicated that a far higher percentage of Americans rated individuals described as displaying the characteristics of a mental disorder (for example Schizophrenia or Substance Use Disorder) as "likely to do something violent to others" compared to those described as being 'troubled'.[14] Research indicates, on balance, a higher than average number of violent acts by some individuals with certain diagnoses, notably antisocial or psychopathic personality disorders, but conflicting findings about specific symptoms (for example links between psychosis and violence in community settings) - but the mediating factors of such acts are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, male, of lower socio-economic status and, in particular, substance abuse (including alcohol).[15][16][17] Findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victim rather than the perpetrator of violence.[15][18] Violence by or against individuals with mental illness typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions (including in atmosphere of mutually high "expressed emotion"), including within a family setting,[19] as well as being an issue in healthcare settings[20] and the wider community.[21]
Employment
Employment discrimination is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness[22] Schemes to combat stigma have been prioritized by global and national psychiatric organizations, but their methods and outcomes have been criticized as counterproductive.[23]
See also
- Psychopathology
- Mental health
- Mental retardation
- DSM-IV Codes
- Self-help groups for mental health
- Mental disorders and gender
- Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)
- Anti-psychiatry
Notes
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 World Health Organization (2005) WHO Resource Book on Mental Health: Human rights and legislation ISBN 924156282 (PDF)
- ↑ Manitoba Family Services and Housing. The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act, 1996
- ↑ The Big Question: Will the new mental health Bill make Britain a safer place?
- ↑ ENABLE website UN section on disability
- ↑ Coverdate, J., Nairn, R. & Claasen, D. (2001) Depictions of mental illness in print media: a prospective national sample Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36 (5), 697–700.
- ↑ Edney, RD. (2004) Mass Media and Mental Illness: A Literature Review Canadian Mental Health Association
- ↑ Diefenbach, D.L. (1998) The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television Journal of Community Psychology Vol 25, Issue 3, Pages 289-302
- ↑ Sieff, E. (2003) Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames Journal of Mental Health, Vol 12(3) pp. 259-269
- ↑ Wahl, O.F. (2003) News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness: Implications for Public Policy American Behavioral Scientist Vol. 46, No. 12, 1594-1600
- ↑ Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. (1999) Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Am J Public Health. Sep;89(9):1328-33.
- ↑ Griffiths KM, Nakane Y, Christensen H, Yoshioka K, Jorm AF, Nakane H. (2006) Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry. May 23;6:21.
- ↑ Pescosolido BA, Monahan J, Link BG, Stueve A, Kikuzawa S. (1999) The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health. Sep;89(9):1339-45.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Stuart, H. (2003) Violence and mental illness: an overview. World Psychiatry. June; 2(2): 121–124
- ↑ Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, Grisso T, Roth LH, Silver E. (1998) Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry. May;55(5):393-401.
- ↑
- ↑ Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (2001). Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services. Oct;52(10):1358–66. PMID 11585953
- ↑ Solomon, PL., Cavanaugh, MM., Gelles, RJ. (2005) Family Violence among Adults with Severe Mental Illness. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, Vol. 6, No. 1, 40-54
- ↑ Chou, KR., Lu, RB., Chang, M. (2001) Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors. Journal of Nursing Research. Dec;9(5):139-51
- ↑ B. Lögdberg, L.-L. Nilsson, M. T. Levander, S. Levander (2004) Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2) Page 92.
- ↑ Heather Stuart (2006) Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19(5):522-526.
- ↑ Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L., Davies, E. (2006) Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Nov;114(5):303-18
Further reading
- Atkinson, J. (2006) Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation, Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press
- Hockenbury, Don and Sandy (2004). Discovering Psychology. Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-5704-4.
- Roy Porter, Madness. A Brief History, Oxford University Press 2003
- Wiencke, Markus (2006) Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie. In David Kim (ed.), Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity (pp. 123-155). Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, ISBN 1-84718-060-5
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