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{{Marburg hemorrhagic fever}}
{{Marburg hemorrhagic fever}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Anmol}} {{ARK}} {{ADG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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==Classification==
==Classification==
There is no established system for the classification of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
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==Causes==
==Causes==
'''Marburg virus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|b|ər|g|_|ˈ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s}} {{Respell|MAR|bərg}} {{Respell|VY|rəs}}<ref name=KuhnArch/>) is a [[hemorrhagic fever virus]] of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species ''[[Marburg marburgvirus]]'', genus ''[[Marburgvirus]]''. Marburg virus (MARV) causes [[Marburg virus disease]] in [[human]]s and nonhuman [[primates]], a form of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]].<ref name=Spickler>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf}}</ref> The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring [[Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4|biosafety level 4-equivalent containment]]).<ref name=BMBL5>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/|title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> In the United States, the [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]]/[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen<ref name=PriorityPathogens>{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/biodefenserelated/biodefense/research/pages/cata.aspx |title=Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases |accessdate=2011-10-16|publisher=US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH)}}</ref> and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] lists it as a [[Bioterrorism|Category A Bioterrorism Agent]].<ref name=CategoryBioterrorism>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp|title=Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> It is also is listed as a biological agent for export control by the [[Australia Group]].<ref name=AustraliaGroup>{{cite web|url=http://www.australiagroup.net/en/biological_agents.html|title=List of Biological Agents for Export Control|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=The Australia Group}}</ref>
'''Marburg virus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑr|b|ər|g|_|ˈ|v|aɪ|r|ə|s}} {{Respell|MAR|bərg}} {{Respell|VY|rəs}}<ref name="KuhnArch" />) is a [[hemorrhagic fever virus]] of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species ''[[Marburg marburgvirus]]'', genus ''[[Marburgvirus]]''. Marburg virus (MARV) causes [[Marburg virus disease]] in [[human]]s and nonhuman [[primates]], a form of [[viral hemorrhagic fever]].<ref name="Spickler">{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf}}</ref> The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] rates it as a risk group 4 pathogen (requiring [[Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4|biosafety level 4-equivalent containment]]).<ref name="BMBL5">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/|title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> In the United States, the [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]]/[[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] ranks it as a category A priority pathogen<ref name="PriorityPathogens">{{cite web|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/biodefenserelated/biodefense/research/pages/cata.aspx |title=Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases |accessdate=2011-10-16|publisher=US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH)}}</ref> and the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] lists it as a [[Bioterrorism|category A bioterrorism agent]].<ref name="CategoryBioterrorism">{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp|title=Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> It is also is listed as a biological agent for export control by the [[Australia Group]].<ref name="AustraliaGroup">{{cite web|url=http://www.australiagroup.net/en/biological_agents.html|title=List of Biological Agents for Export Control|accessdate=2011-10-16|last=The Australia Group}}</ref>


In 2009, expanded [[clinical trial]]s of an [[Ebola]] and Marburg [[vaccine]] began in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]].<ref>Beth Skwarecki [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/831858 Ebola, Marburg DNA Vaccines Prove Safe in Phase 1 Trial] Medscape Medical News, September 17, 2014</ref><ref>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00997607 Evaluating an Ebola and a Marburg Vaccine in Uganda] [[U.S. Department of Health & Human Services]]</ref>
In 2009, expanded [[clinical trial]]s of an [[Ebola]] and Marburg [[vaccine]] began in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]].<ref>Beth Skwarecki [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/831858 Ebola, Marburg DNA Vaccines Prove Safe in Phase 1 Trial] Medscape Medical News, September 17, 2014</ref><ref>[http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00997607 Evaluating an Ebola and a Marburg Vaccine in Uganda] [[U.S. Department of Health & Human Services]]</ref>


==Differentiating Marburg hemorrhagic fever from Other Diseases==
==Differentiating Marburg hemorrhagic fever from Other Diseases==
Marburg hemorrhagic fever must be differentiated from other viral hemorrhagic fevers that may cause fever, abdominal pain,and bleeding such as Ebola, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Hantavirus Infection, Rift Valley fever, Lujo hemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever. Because many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other infectious diseases such as malaria or typhoid fever, leptospirosis, Marburg hemorrhagic fever must also be differentiated from those infections.
Marburg hemorrhagic fever must be differentiated from other viral hemorrhagic fevers that may cause fever, abdominal pain,and bleeding such as [[Ebola]], [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]] (CCHF), [[Hantavirus]] Infection, [[Rift valley fever|Rift Valley fever]], [[Lujo]] hemorrhagic fever and [[Lassa fever]]. Because many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other infectious diseases such as [[malaria]] or [[typhoid fever]], [[leptospirosis]], Marburg hemorrhagic fever must also be differentiated from those infections.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Marburg hemorrhagic fever is commonly associated with [[fever]] on physical examination at admission. At advanced stages of the disease, physical examination findings are more pertinent and often include unstable vital signs, such as tachycardia or relative bradycardia, orthostatic [[hypotension]], and [[tachypnea]]. Physical examination may also be remarkable for [[abdominal tenderness]] and [[Abdominal distension|distension]], evidence of [[mucosal]] or [[visceral]] [[bleeding]], and neurological impairment.
Marburg hemorrhagic fever is commonly associated with [[fever]] on physical examination at admission. At advanced stages of the disease, physical examination findings are more pertinent and often include unstable vital signs, such as [[tachycardia]] or [[relative bradycardia]], orthostatic [[hypotension]], and [[tachypnea]]. Physical examination may also be remarkable for [[abdominal tenderness]] and [[Abdominal distension|distension]], evidence of [[mucosal]] or [[visceral]] [[bleeding]], and neurological impairment.


===Laboratory Findings===
===Laboratory Findings===
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===X-ray===
===X-ray===
There are no x-ray findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


===Ultrasound===
===Ultrasound===
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


===CT scan===
===CT scan===
There are no CT scan findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


===MRI===
===MRI===
There are no MRI findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


===Other Imaging Findings===
===Other Imaging Findings===
There are no other imaging findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


===Other Diagnostic Studies===
===Other Diagnostic Studies===
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
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===Primary Prevention===
===Primary Prevention===
No specific treatment or vaccine is yet available for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Several vaccine candidates are being tested but it could be several years before any are available. New drug therapies have shown promising results in laboratory studies and are currently being evaluated. One way to protect against infection is avoiding fruit bats, and sick non-human primates in central Africa. Reducing the risk of infection to people include reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission as well as human-to-human transmission, health education and, outbreak containment measures.
No specific treatment or [[vaccine]] is yet available for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Several [[vaccine]] candidates are being tested but it could be several years before any are available. New drug therapies have shown promising results in laboratory studies and are currently being evaluated. One way to protect against infection is avoiding fruit bats, and sick non-human [[primates]] in central Africa. Reducing the risk of infection to people include reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission as well as human-to-human transmission, health education and, [[outbreak]] containment measures.


===Secondary Prevention===
===Secondary Prevention===
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of transmission Marburg hemorrhagic fever from person-to-person include barrier nursing techniques (wearing of protective gowns, gloves, and masks, placing the infected individual in strict isolation, sterilization or proper disposal of needles, equipment, and patient excretions).
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of transmission Marburg hemorrhagic fever from person-to-person include barrier nursing techniques (wearing of protective gowns, gloves, and masks, placing the [[infected]] individual in strict [[isolation]], [[sterilization]] or proper disposal of needles, equipment, and [[patient]] [[Excretion|excretions]]).


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]

Latest revision as of 11:30, 23 October 2017

Marburg hemorrhagic fever Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Marburg hemorrhagic fever from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

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CT scan

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Other Imaging Findings

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2] Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[3] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [4]

Overview

The Marburg virus causes severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 88%. [1] Rousettus aegypti, fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family, are considered to be natural hosts of Marburg virus. The Marburg virus is transmitted to people from fruit bats and spreads through human-to-human transmission. No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine is available.

Historical Perspective

Marburg hemorrhagic fever was first detected in 1967 in Marburg after which there has been reports of several sporadic outbreaks all over the world. Subsequently, outbreaks and sporadic cases were reported in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Pathophysiology

Marburg virus is the causative agent of Marburg haemorrhagic fever (MHF). Initial human infection results from prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies. After the Marburg virus initially transfers from animal host to human, mode of transmission is usually human-to-human and results from direct contact with bodily fluids of infected persons (blood, secretions) other contact fomites contaminated with infectious blood and tissues. Marburg virus primarily infects macrophages and dendritic cells. A cascade of events leads to Hypotension, metabolic disorders, immunosuppression and coagulopathy, finally resulting in multiorgan failure and shock.

Causes

Marburg virus (/ˈmɑːrbərɡ ˈvrəs/ Template:Respell Template:Respell[2]) is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus. Marburg virus (MARV) causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever.[3] The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The WHO rates it as a risk group 4 pathogen (requiring biosafety level 4-equivalent containment).[4] In the United States, the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a category A priority pathogen[5] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists it as a category A bioterrorism agent.[6] It is also is listed as a biological agent for export control by the Australia Group.[7]

In 2009, expanded clinical trials of an Ebola and Marburg vaccine began in Kampala, Uganda.[8][9]

Differentiating Marburg hemorrhagic fever from Other Diseases

Marburg hemorrhagic fever must be differentiated from other viral hemorrhagic fevers that may cause fever, abdominal pain,and bleeding such as Ebola, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Hantavirus Infection, Rift Valley fever, Lujo hemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever. Because many of the signs and symptoms of Marburg hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of other infectious diseases such as malaria or typhoid fever, leptospirosis, Marburg hemorrhagic fever must also be differentiated from those infections.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Recorded cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever disease are rare. The first documented outbreak of marburg hemorrhagic fever occurred in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany and in Belgrade. Case fatality rates in marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreaks have ranged from 23% to 90%. Marburg hemorrhagic fever commonly affects younger individuals less than 5 years old and adults >50 years old compared to normal age groups.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of Marburg hemorrhagic fever include close contact with African fruit bats, human patients, or non-human primates infected with Marburg virus. Less common risk factors in the development of Marburg hemorrhagic fever include occupations (people who handle non-human primates from Africa) and travellers to endemic areas.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated symptoms of marburg hemorrhagic fever become increasingly severe and can include jaundice, inflammation of the pancreas, severe weight loss, delirium, shock, liver failure, massive hemorrhage, and multi-organ dysfunction. Common complications of marburg hemorrhagic fever include orchitis, Transverse myelitis and Parotitis. Prognosis of marburg hemorrhagic fever is generally poor. Case fatality rates in marburg hemorrhagic fever outbreaks have ranged from 23% to 90%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of Marburg hemorrhagic fever relies primarily on the laboratory techniques such as reverse transcriptase PCR and ELISA-based antigen and antibody detection.

History and Symptoms

Marburg hemorrhagic fever initially appears as a nonspecific febrile illness, which then rapidly progresses and leads to hemorrhagic complications and in severe cases may lead to a septic shock-like syndrome.

Physical Examination

Marburg hemorrhagic fever is commonly associated with fever on physical examination at admission. At advanced stages of the disease, physical examination findings are more pertinent and often include unstable vital signs, such as tachycardia or relative bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and tachypnea. Physical examination may also be remarkable for abdominal tenderness and distension, evidence of mucosal or visceral bleeding, and neurological impairment.

Laboratory Findings

Marburg virus infection may be confirmed by the laboratory techniques such as antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antigen-capture detection tests, serum neutralization test, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen detection tests and virus isolation by cell culture.

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with marburg hemorrhagic fever.

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There has been no approved treatment regimen yet for Marburg virus disease. However, few of the treatment modalities such as blood component therapy, immune therapy, and drug therapy are currently being evaluated. Supportive care such as rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids and maintenance of electrolyte balance, analgesics and symptomatic treatment may be beneficial.

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.

Primary Prevention

No specific treatment or vaccine is yet available for Marburg hemorrhagic fever. Several vaccine candidates are being tested but it could be several years before any are available. New drug therapies have shown promising results in laboratory studies and are currently being evaluated. One way to protect against infection is avoiding fruit bats, and sick non-human primates in central Africa. Reducing the risk of infection to people include reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission as well as human-to-human transmission, health education and, outbreak containment measures.

Secondary Prevention

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of transmission Marburg hemorrhagic fever from person-to-person include barrier nursing techniques (wearing of protective gowns, gloves, and masks, placing the infected individual in strict isolation, sterilization or proper disposal of needles, equipment, and patient excretions).

References

  1. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_marburg/en/
  2. Spickler, Anna. "Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections" (PDF).
  3. US Department of Health and Human Services. "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  4. "Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases". US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  5. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  6. The Australia Group. "List of Biological Agents for Export Control". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  7. Beth Skwarecki Ebola, Marburg DNA Vaccines Prove Safe in Phase 1 Trial Medscape Medical News, September 17, 2014
  8. Evaluating an Ebola and a Marburg Vaccine in Uganda U.S. Department of Health & Human Services