Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Line 18: Line 18:
**[[Purpura]]
**[[Purpura]]
**[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
**[[Raynaud's phenomenon]]
**[[Blurred vision|Vision problems]] such as [[blurred vision]], [[vision loss]] or blind spots.<ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref>
**[[Blurred vision|Vision problems]] such as [[blurred vision]], [[vision loss]] or blind spots<ref name="pmid22139816">{{cite journal| author=Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R et al.| title=Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study. | journal=Cancer | year= 2012 | volume= 118 | issue= 15 | pages= 3793-800 | pmid=22139816 | doi=10.1002/cncr.26627 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22139816  }} </ref>


==== Complications ====
==== Complications ====
* As the disease progresses, the following complications can commonly occur in patients with [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]]:
* As the [[disease]] progresses, the following [[complications]] can commonly occur in [[patients]] with [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]]:
** [[Hyperviscosity syndrome|Hyperviscosity syndrome.]]<ref name="pmid11736938">{{cite journal| author=García-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A et al.| title=Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2001 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 575-82 | pmid=11736938 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11736938  }} </ref>
** [[Hyperviscosity syndrome|Hyperviscosity syndrome]]<ref name="pmid11736938">{{cite journal| author=García-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A et al.| title=Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2001 | volume= 115 | issue= 3 | pages= 575-82 | pmid=11736938 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11736938  }} </ref>
** [[Cryoglobulinemia|Cryoglobulinemia.]]<ref name="pmid14871241">{{cite journal| author=Michael AB, Lawes M, Kamalarajan M, Huissoon A, Pratt G| title=Cryoglobulinaemia as an acute presentation of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 5 | pages= 565 | pmid=14871241 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14871241  }} </ref>
** [[Cryoglobulinemia|Cryoglobulinemia]]<ref name="pmid14871241">{{cite journal| author=Michael AB, Lawes M, Kamalarajan M, Huissoon A, Pratt G| title=Cryoglobulinaemia as an acute presentation of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2004 | volume= 124 | issue= 5 | pages= 565 | pmid=14871241 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14871241  }} </ref>
** [[Peripheral neuropathy]](15%).<ref name="pmid16421127">{{cite journal| author=Levine T, Pestronk A, Florence J, Al-Lozi MT, Lopate G, Miller T et al.| title=Peripheral neuropathies in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 224-8 | pmid=16421127 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2005.071175 | pmc=2077569 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16421127  }} </ref>
** [[Peripheral neuropathy]](15%)<ref name="pmid16421127">{{cite journal| author=Levine T, Pestronk A, Florence J, Al-Lozi MT, Lopate G, Miller T et al.| title=Peripheral neuropathies in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2006 | volume= 77 | issue= 2 | pages= 224-8 | pmid=16421127 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2005.071175 | pmc=2077569 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16421127  }} </ref>
** [[Amyloidosis]] of the [[heart]], [[kidney]], [[liver]], [[lungs]], and [[Joints|joints.]]<ref name="pa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zimmermann I, Gloor HJ, Rüttimann S |title=[General AL-amyloidosis: a rare complication in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages=2050–5 |year=2001 |pmid=11763619 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Amyloidosis]] of the [[heart]], [[kidney]], [[liver]], [[lungs]], and [[Joints|joints]]<ref name="pa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zimmermann I, Gloor HJ, Rüttimann S |title=[General AL-amyloidosis: a rare complication in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia] |language=German |journal=Praxis (Bern 1994) |volume=90 |issue=47 |pages=2050–5 |year=2001 |pmid=11763619 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** [[Cold agglutinin disease|Cold haemagglutinin disease]]/[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]](<10%).<ref name="pmid24528152">{{cite journal| author=Owen RG, Pratt G, Auer RL, Flatley R, Kyriakou C, Lunn MP et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2014 | volume= 165 | issue= 3 | pages= 316-33 | pmid=24528152 | doi=10.1111/bjh.12760 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24528152  }} </ref>
** [[Cold agglutinin disease|Cold haemagglutinin disease]]/[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]](<10%)<ref name="pmid24528152">{{cite journal| author=Owen RG, Pratt G, Auer RL, Flatley R, Kyriakou C, Lunn MP et al.| title=Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2014 | volume= 165 | issue= 3 | pages= 316-33 | pmid=24528152 | doi=10.1111/bjh.12760 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24528152  }} </ref>
** [[Malabsorption|Gastrointestinal malabsorption.]]<ref name="pmid3141496">{{cite journal| author=Veloso FT, Fraga J, Saleiro JV| title=Macroglobulinemia and small intestinal disease. A case report with review of the literature. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 1988 | volume= 10 | issue= 5 | pages= 546-50 | pmid=3141496 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3141496  }} </ref>
** [[Malabsorption|Gastrointestinal malabsorption]]<ref name="pmid3141496">{{cite journal| author=Veloso FT, Fraga J, Saleiro JV| title=Macroglobulinemia and small intestinal disease. A case report with review of the literature. | journal=J Clin Gastroenterol | year= 1988 | volume= 10 | issue= 5 | pages= 546-50 | pmid=3141496 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3141496  }} </ref>
** [[Renal insufficiency|Renal insufficiency.]]<ref name="pmid27468978">{{cite journal| author=Vos JM, Gustine J, Rennke HG, Hunter Z, Manning RJ, Dubeau TE et al.| title=Renal disease related to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: incidence, pathology and clinical outcomes. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2016 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 623-630 | pmid=27468978 | doi=10.1111/bjh.14279 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27468978  }} </ref>
** [[Renal insufficiency|Renal insufficiency]]<ref name="pmid27468978">{{cite journal| author=Vos JM, Gustine J, Rennke HG, Hunter Z, Manning RJ, Dubeau TE et al.| title=Renal disease related to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: incidence, pathology and clinical outcomes. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2016 | volume= 175 | issue= 4 | pages= 623-630 | pmid=27468978 | doi=10.1111/bjh.14279 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27468978  }} </ref>
** [[Fundoscopy|Fundoscopic]] [[abnormalities]].<ref name="pmid11736938" />
** [[Fundoscopy|Fundoscopic]] [[abnormalities]]<ref name="pmid11736938" />
**[[Congestive heart failure]].
**[[Congestive heart failure]]
**[[Schnitzler syndrome]] which is an [[autoimmune]] [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] associated with elevated [[IgM]] levels, that leads to [[fever]], itchy skin lesions, and [[joint aches]].
**[[Schnitzler syndrome]] which is an [[autoimmune]] [[Complication (medicine)|complication]] associated with elevated [[IgM]] levels, that leads to [[fever]], [[itchy skin]] [[lesions]], and [[joint aches]].


==== Late and rare severe complications ====
==== Late and rare severe complications ====
*Large cell [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]] (Richter [[syndrome]]).
*Large cell [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]] (Richter [[syndrome]]):
**Dr. Richter of the University of Minnesota first recognized the blockage in maturity of the [[lymphoma]] cells at a point when they can't mature beyond the large cell stage thus, leading to large cell [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]].  
**Dr. Richter of the University of Minnesota first recognized the blockage in maturity of the [[lymphoma]] cells at a point when they can't mature beyond the large cell stage thus, leading to large cell [[Transformation (genetics)|transformation]].  
*[[Central nervous system]] [[Lymphoma]] ([[Bing-Neel syndrome]]).<ref name="pmid9686227">{{cite journal| author=Civit T, Coulbois S, Baylac F, Taillandier L, Auque J| title=[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and cerebral lymphoplasmocytic proliferation: Bing and Neel syndrome. Apropos of a new case]. | journal=Neurochirurgie | year= 1997 | volume= 43 | issue= 4 | pages= 245-9 | pmid=9686227 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9686227  }} </ref>
*[[Central nervous system]] [[Lymphoma]] ([[Bing-Neel syndrome]]):<ref name="pmid9686227">{{cite journal| author=Civit T, Coulbois S, Baylac F, Taillandier L, Auque J| title=[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and cerebral lymphoplasmocytic proliferation: Bing and Neel syndrome. Apropos of a new case]. | journal=Neurochirurgie | year= 1997 | volume= 43 | issue= 4 | pages= 245-9 | pmid=9686227 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9686227  }} </ref>
**The development of [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]] cells in the [[central nervous system]] was first described by Drs. Bing and Neel and carries their names as the [[Bing-Neel syndrome]]. WM involves [[CNS]] in following two forms:
**The development of [[Waldenström macroglobulinemia]] cells in the [[central nervous system]] was first described by Drs. Bing and Neel and carries their names as the [[Bing-Neel syndrome]]. WM involves [[CNS]] in following two forms:
***Actual [[tumor]] developing in the [[brain]] substance causing [[seizures]] and [[paralysis]].
***Actual [[tumor]] developing in the [[brain]] substance causing [[seizures]] and [[paralysis]].
***[[Tumor]] cells invading [[meninges]] and [[cranial nerves]] without causing the actual [[tumors]] and with or without [[CSF]] [[cryoglobulinemia]],<ref name="pmid19362988">{{cite journal| author=Fintelmann F, Forghani R, Schaefer PW, Hochberg EP, Hochberg FH| title=Bing-Neel Syndrome revisited. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 104-6 | pmid=19362988 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19362988  }} </ref> leading to following [[Symptom|symptoms]]:<ref name="pmid19951888">{{cite journal| author=Grewal JS, Brar PK, Sahijdak WM, Tworek JA, Chottiner EG| title=Bing-Neel syndrome: a case report and systematic review of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 462-6 | pmid=19951888 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.091 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19951888  }} </ref>
***[[Tumor]] cells invading [[meninges]] and [[cranial nerves]] without causing the actual [[tumors]] and with or without [[CSF]] [[cryoglobulinemia]],<ref name="pmid19362988">{{cite journal| author=Fintelmann F, Forghani R, Schaefer PW, Hochberg EP, Hochberg FH| title=Bing-Neel Syndrome revisited. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 104-6 | pmid=19362988 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19362988  }} </ref> leading to following [[Symptom|symptoms]]:<ref name="pmid19951888">{{cite journal| author=Grewal JS, Brar PK, Sahijdak WM, Tworek JA, Chottiner EG| title=Bing-Neel syndrome: a case report and systematic review of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 462-6 | pmid=19951888 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.091 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19951888  }} </ref>
****[[Headache]].
****[[Headache]]  
****[[Confusion]].
****[[Confusion]]
****[[Neck stiffness]].
****[[Neck stiffness]]
****Sporadic loss of [[Motor skill|motor]] [[Function (biology)|function]].
****Sporadic loss of [[Motor skill|motor]] [[Function (biology)|function]]  
****[[Facial paralysis]].
****[[Facial paralysis]]
****[[Drooping eyelid]].
****[[Drooping eyelid]]
****[[Double vision]].
****[[Double vision]]
****[[Difficult swallowing]].
****[[Difficult swallowing]]
****[[Visual loss]].
****[[Visual loss]]
****[[Hearing loss]].
****[[Hearing loss]]


====Summary of natural history and complications of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma====
====Summary of natural history and complications of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma====
Line 82: Line 82:
=== Prognosis: ===
=== Prognosis: ===
*[[Prognosis]] is generally poor.
*[[Prognosis]] is generally poor.
*The median survival from the time of diagnosis is 6.4 years.<ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
*The median survival from the time of [[diagnosis]] is 6.4 years.<ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
*The median disease-specific survival is 11.2 years.<ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
*The median [[disease]]-specific survival is 11.2 years.<ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
*Approximately 10% patients still live at 15 years.<ref name="MorelDuhamel2009">{{cite journal|last1=Morel|first1=P.|last2=Duhamel|first2=A.|last3=Gobbi|first3=P.|last4=Dimopoulos|first4=M. A.|last5=Dhodapkar|first5=M. V.|last6=McCoy|first6=J.|last7=Crowley|first7=J.|last8=Ocio|first8=E. M.|last9=Garcia-Sanz|first9=R.|last10=Treon|first10=S. P.|last11=Leblond|first11=V.|last12=Kyle|first12=R. A.|last13=Barlogie|first13=B.|last14=Merlini|first14=G.|title=International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia|journal=Blood|volume=113|issue=18|year=2009|pages=4163–4170|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961}}</ref><ref name="pmid10792277">{{cite journal| author=Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, Lust JA, Lacy MQ et al.| title=Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: a prospective study comparing daily with intermittent oral chlorambucil. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2000 | volume= 108 | issue= 4 | pages= 737-42 | pmid=10792277 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10792277  }} </ref>
*Approximately 10% [[patients]] still live at 15 years.<ref name="MorelDuhamel2009">{{cite journal|last1=Morel|first1=P.|last2=Duhamel|first2=A.|last3=Gobbi|first3=P.|last4=Dimopoulos|first4=M. A.|last5=Dhodapkar|first5=M. V.|last6=McCoy|first6=J.|last7=Crowley|first7=J.|last8=Ocio|first8=E. M.|last9=Garcia-Sanz|first9=R.|last10=Treon|first10=S. P.|last11=Leblond|first11=V.|last12=Kyle|first12=R. A.|last13=Barlogie|first13=B.|last14=Merlini|first14=G.|title=International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia|journal=Blood|volume=113|issue=18|year=2009|pages=4163–4170|issn=0006-4971|doi=10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961}}</ref><ref name="pmid10792277">{{cite journal| author=Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, Lust JA, Lacy MQ et al.| title=Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: a prospective study comparing daily with intermittent oral chlorambucil. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2000 | volume= 108 | issue= 4 | pages= 737-42 | pmid=10792277 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10792277  }} </ref>
*5-year survival rate is 78%.
*5-year [[survival rate]] is 78%.
*In the last decade (2001-2010), the median overall survival for all LPL groups has improved to just over 8 years compared to 6 years in the previous decade (1991-2000).
*In the last decade (2001-2010), the median overall survival for all LPL groups has improved to just over 8 years compared to 6 years in the previous decade (1991-2000).
*Cases without [[MYD88]] [[mutations]] are associated with [[adenopathy]] and a worse outcome.<ref name="pmid24553177">{{cite journal| author=Treon SP, Cao Y, Xu L, Yang G, Liu X, Hunter ZR| title=Somatic mutations in MYD88 and CXCR4 are determinants of clinical presentation and overall survival in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2014 | volume= 123 | issue= 18 | pages= 2791-6 | pmid=24553177 | doi=10.1182/blood-2014-01-550905 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24553177  }} </ref>  
*Cases without [[MYD88]] [[mutations]] are associated with [[adenopathy]] and a worse outcome.<ref name="pmid24553177">{{cite journal| author=Treon SP, Cao Y, Xu L, Yang G, Liu X, Hunter ZR| title=Somatic mutations in MYD88 and CXCR4 are determinants of clinical presentation and overall survival in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2014 | volume= 123 | issue= 18 | pages= 2791-6 | pmid=24553177 | doi=10.1182/blood-2014-01-550905 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24553177  }} </ref>  
*After 2000, a 2-fold increased [[mortality]] is reported in patients diagnosed with LPL when compared with expected population [[mortality]].<ref name="KyleLarson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Robert A.|last2=Larson|first2=Dirk R.|last3=McPhail|first3=Ellen D.|last4=Therneau|first4=Terry M.|last5=Dispenzieri|first5=Angela|last6=Kumar|first6=Shaji|last7=Kapoor|first7=Prashant|last8=Cerhan|first8=James R.|last9=Rajkumar|first9=S. Vincent|title=Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=93|issue=6|year=2018|pages=739–746|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011}}</ref>
*After 2000, a 2-fold increased [[mortality]] is reported in [[patients]] diagnosed with LPL when compared with expected [[population]] [[mortality]].<ref name="KyleLarson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Kyle|first1=Robert A.|last2=Larson|first2=Dirk R.|last3=McPhail|first3=Ellen D.|last4=Therneau|first4=Terry M.|last5=Dispenzieri|first5=Angela|last6=Kumar|first6=Shaji|last7=Kapoor|first7=Prashant|last8=Cerhan|first8=James R.|last9=Rajkumar|first9=S. Vincent|title=Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review|journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=93|issue=6|year=2018|pages=739–746|issn=00256196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011}}</ref>
*The presence of symptoms is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]] among patients with the disease.
*The presence of [[symptoms]] is associated with a particularly poor [[prognosis]] among patients with the disease.
*Prognosis of [[asymptomatic]] patients is similar to that of the general population with a 10-year survival rate of 70-75%.<ref name="pmid20702770">{{cite journal| author=Ansell SM, Kyle RA, Reeder CB, Fonseca R, Mikhael JR, Morice WG et al.| title=Diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinemia: Mayo stratification of macroglobulinemia and risk-adapted therapy (mSMART) guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 9 | pages= 824-33 | pmid=20702770 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0304 | pmc=2931618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20702770  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15756000">{{cite journal| author=Gobbi PG, Baldini L, Broglia C, Goldaniga M, Comelli M, Morel P et al.| title=Prognostic validation of the international classification of immunoglobulin M gammopathies: a survival advantage for patients with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance? | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 1786-90 | pmid=15756000 | doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1899 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15756000  }} </ref>
*[[Prognosis]] of [[asymptomatic]] [[patients]] is similar to that of the general [[population]] with a 10-year [[survival rate]] of 70-75%.<ref name="pmid20702770">{{cite journal| author=Ansell SM, Kyle RA, Reeder CB, Fonseca R, Mikhael JR, Morice WG et al.| title=Diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinemia: Mayo stratification of macroglobulinemia and risk-adapted therapy (mSMART) guidelines. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2010 | volume= 85 | issue= 9 | pages= 824-33 | pmid=20702770 | doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0304 | pmc=2931618 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20702770  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15756000">{{cite journal| author=Gobbi PG, Baldini L, Broglia C, Goldaniga M, Comelli M, Morel P et al.| title=Prognostic validation of the international classification of immunoglobulin M gammopathies: a survival advantage for patients with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance? | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 1786-90 | pmid=15756000 | doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1899 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15756000  }} </ref>


===Adverse prognostic factors:===
===Adverse prognostic factors:===
*Some of the pretreatment factors associated with shorter survival in LPL patients are:<ref name="pmid12881396">{{cite journal| author=Dimopoulos MA, Hamilos G, Zervas K, Symeonidis A, Kouvatseas G, Roussou P et al.| title=Survival and prognostic factors after initiation of treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 14 | issue= 8 | pages= 1299-305 | pmid=12881396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12881396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
*Some of the pretreatment factors associated with shorter survival in LPL [[patients]] are:<ref name="pmid12881396">{{cite journal| author=Dimopoulos MA, Hamilos G, Zervas K, Symeonidis A, Kouvatseas G, Roussou P et al.| title=Survival and prognostic factors after initiation of treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. | journal=Ann Oncol | year= 2003 | volume= 14 | issue= 8 | pages= 1299-305 | pmid=12881396 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12881396  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16611306">{{cite journal| author=Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM et al.| title=Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia. | journal=Br J Haematol | year= 2006 | volume= 133 | issue= 2 | pages= 158-64 | pmid=16611306 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16611306  }} </ref>
**Age >/=65 years.
**[[Age]] >/=65 years
**[[Organomegaly]] ([[Hepatosplenomegaly]]).
**[[Organomegaly]] ([[Hepatosplenomegaly]])
**[[B symptoms]] ([[weight loss]], [[fever]] or [[night sweats]]).
**[[B symptoms]] ([[weight loss]], [[fever]] or [[night sweats]])
**[[Anemia]] (Hb < 10.0 g/dl).
**[[Anemia]] (Hb < 10.0 g/dl)
**[[Platelets]] <100 x 10(6)/dl.
**[[Platelets]] <100 x 10(6)/dl
**[[Albumin]] <3.5 g/dl.
**[[Albumin]] <3.5 g/dl
**[[Bone marrow]] lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate >/=50%.
**[[Bone marrow]] lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate >/=50%
**Elevated beta2-microglobulin ( associated with 3-fold increase in death).
**Elevated beta2-microglobulin ( associated with 3-fold increase in death)
**[[Leucopenia]] (<4.0 x 10(9)/l).
**[[Leucopenia]] (<4.0 x 10(9)/l)
**[[Thrombocytopenia]] (<150 x 10(9)/l).
**[[Thrombocytopenia]] (<150 x 10(9)/l)
**Quantitative IgM < 0.4 g/l.
**[[Quantitative]] [[IgM]] < 0.4 g/l
**[[Hyperviscosity]].
**[[Hyperviscosity]]
*Other prognostic factors recently studied are:
*Other [[prognostic]] factors recently studied are:
**[[Serum]] free [[light chain]].<ref name="pmid18452095">{{cite journal| author=Leleu X, Moreau AS, Weller E, Roccaro AM, Coiteux V, Manning R et al.| title=Serum immunoglobulin free light chain correlates with tumor burden markers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Leuk Lymphoma | year= 2008 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 1104-7 | pmid=18452095 | doi=10.1080/10428190802074619 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18452095  }} </ref>
**[[Serum]] free [[light chain]]<ref name="pmid18452095">{{cite journal| author=Leleu X, Moreau AS, Weller E, Roccaro AM, Coiteux V, Manning R et al.| title=Serum immunoglobulin free light chain correlates with tumor burden markers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Leuk Lymphoma | year= 2008 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 1104-7 | pmid=18452095 | doi=10.1080/10428190802074619 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18452095  }} </ref>
**[[Serum]] [[lactate dehydrogenase]].<ref name="pmid19362972">{{cite journal| author=Kastritis E, Zervas K, Repoussis P, Michali E, Katodrytou E, Zomas A et al.| title=Prognostication in young and old patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: importance of the International Prognostic Scoring System and of serum lactate dehydrogenase. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19362972 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19362972  }} </ref>
**[[Serum]] [[lactate dehydrogenase]]<ref name="pmid19362972">{{cite journal| author=Kastritis E, Zervas K, Repoussis P, Michali E, Katodrytou E, Zomas A et al.| title=Prognostication in young and old patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: importance of the International Prognostic Scoring System and of serum lactate dehydrogenase. | journal=Clin Lymphoma Myeloma | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 50-2 | pmid=19362972 | doi=10.3816/CLM.2009.n.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19362972  }} </ref>
**[[Serum]] soluble [[CD27]].<ref name="pmid18216294">{{cite journal| author=Ho AW, Hatjiharissi E, Ciccarelli BT, Branagan AR, Hunter ZR, Leleu X et al.| title=CD27-CD70 interactions in the pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 112 | issue= 12 | pages= 4683-9 | pmid=18216294 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-04-084525 | pmc=2597134 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18216294  }} </ref>
**[[Serum]] [[soluble]] [[CD27]]<ref name="pmid18216294">{{cite journal| author=Ho AW, Hatjiharissi E, Ciccarelli BT, Branagan AR, Hunter ZR, Leleu X et al.| title=CD27-CD70 interactions in the pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2008 | volume= 112 | issue= 12 | pages= 4683-9 | pmid=18216294 | doi=10.1182/blood-2007-04-084525 | pmc=2597134 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18216294  }} </ref>
*Most of the prognostic factors have defined the outcome of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]] in patients requiring treatment. However, very few studies have evaluated the prognostic factors in patients who don't initially need the treatment.
*Most of the [[prognostic]] factors have defined the [[outcome]] of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]] in [[patients]] requiring treatment. However, very few studies have evaluated the [[prognostic]] factors in [[patients]] who don't initially need the treatment.


===Risk Stratification Criteria:===
===Risk Stratification Criteria===
All the above prognostic data has been combined to risk stratify the WM patients and to formulate a standardized scoring system known as ''the International Prognostic Staging System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia'' (IPSSWM):<ref name="pmid19196866">{{cite journal| author=Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos MA, Dhodapkar MV, McCoy J et al.| title=International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2009 | volume= 113 | issue= 18 | pages= 4163-70 | pmid=19196866 | doi=10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19196866  }} </ref>
All the above [[prognostic]] data has been combined to risk stratify the WM patients and to formulate a standardized scoring system known as ''the International Prognostic Staging System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia'' (IPSSWM):<ref name="pmid19196866">{{cite journal| author=Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos MA, Dhodapkar MV, McCoy J et al.| title=International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. | journal=Blood | year= 2009 | volume= 113 | issue= 18 | pages= 4163-70 | pmid=19196866 | doi=10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19196866  }} </ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 135: Line 135:
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''International prognostic scoring system for Waldenström macroglobulinemia:'''
|+ '''International prognostic scoring system for Waldenström macroglobulinemia'''
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Risk group
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Risk group
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Score
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Score

Revision as of 23:01, 20 February 2019

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis

CDC on Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis in the news

Blogs on Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]

Overview

If left untreated, patients with asymptomatic disease may progress to develop fatigue, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy and other symptoms of the disease. Common complications of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma include: hyperviscosity syndrome, cold haemagglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, peripheral neuropathy, primary amyloidosis, renal insufficiency, malabsorptive diarrhea, and visual abnormalities. Prognosis varies depending on the various factors involved. Five year survival rate is 87% for low-risk disease and 36% for high-risk disease.

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History:

Initial symptoms

Complications

Late and rare severe complications

Summary of natural history and complications of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

 
 
 
Initial symptoms:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common complications:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Late and rare severe complications:
 
 
 

Prognosis:

Adverse prognostic factors:

Risk Stratification Criteria

All the above prognostic data has been combined to risk stratify the WM patients and to formulate a standardized scoring system known as the International Prognostic Staging System for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (IPSSWM):[23]

Risk factors Score
Age > 65 1
Hemoglobin ≤ 11.5g/dl 1
Platelet ≤ 100,000μl 1
β-microglobulin > 3mg/l 1
IgM > 70g/l 1
International prognostic scoring system for Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Risk group Score 5-year survival Median survival
Low 0-1 (except age) 87% 12 years
Intermediate 2 or age>65 68% 8 years
High ≥3 36% 3.5 years

References

  1. ↑ Wang H, Chen Y, Li F, Delasalle K, Wang J, Alexanian R; et al. (2012). "Temporal and geographic variations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia incidence: a large population-based study". Cancer. 118 (15): 3793–800. doi:10.1002/cncr.26627. PMID 22139816.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 García-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A; et al. (2001). "Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases". Br J Haematol. 115 (3): 575–82. PMID 11736938.
  3. ↑ Michael AB, Lawes M, Kamalarajan M, Huissoon A, Pratt G (2004). "Cryoglobulinaemia as an acute presentation of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia". Br J Haematol. 124 (5): 565. PMID 14871241.
  4. ↑ Levine T, Pestronk A, Florence J, Al-Lozi MT, Lopate G, Miller T; et al. (2006). "Peripheral neuropathies in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 77 (2): 224–8. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.071175. PMC 2077569. PMID 16421127.
  5. ↑ Zimmermann I, Gloor HJ, Rüttimann S (2001). "[General AL-amyloidosis: a rare complication in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia]". Praxis (Bern 1994) (in German). 90 (47): 2050–5. PMID 11763619.
  6. ↑ Owen RG, Pratt G, Auer RL, Flatley R, Kyriakou C, Lunn MP; et al. (2014). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinaemia". Br J Haematol. 165 (3): 316–33. doi:10.1111/bjh.12760. PMID 24528152.
  7. ↑ Veloso FT, Fraga J, Saleiro JV (1988). "Macroglobulinemia and small intestinal disease. A case report with review of the literature". J Clin Gastroenterol. 10 (5): 546–50. PMID 3141496.
  8. ↑ Vos JM, Gustine J, Rennke HG, Hunter Z, Manning RJ, Dubeau TE; et al. (2016). "Renal disease related to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: incidence, pathology and clinical outcomes". Br J Haematol. 175 (4): 623–630. doi:10.1111/bjh.14279. PMID 27468978.
  9. ↑ Civit T, Coulbois S, Baylac F, Taillandier L, Auque J (1997). "[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and cerebral lymphoplasmocytic proliferation: Bing and Neel syndrome. Apropos of a new case]". Neurochirurgie. 43 (4): 245–9. PMID 9686227.
  10. ↑ Fintelmann F, Forghani R, Schaefer PW, Hochberg EP, Hochberg FH (2009). "Bing-Neel Syndrome revisited". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 9 (1): 104–6. doi:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.028. PMID 19362988.
  11. ↑ Grewal JS, Brar PK, Sahijdak WM, Tworek JA, Chottiner EG (2009). "Bing-Neel syndrome: a case report and systematic review of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 9 (6): 462–6. doi:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.091. PMID 19951888.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ghobrial IM, Fonseca R, Gertz MA, Plevak MF, Larson DR, Therneau TM; et al. (2006). "Prognostic model for disease-specific and overall mortality in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia". Br J Haematol. 133 (2): 158–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06003.x. PMID 16611306.
  13. ↑ Morel, P.; Duhamel, A.; Gobbi, P.; Dimopoulos, M. A.; Dhodapkar, M. V.; McCoy, J.; Crowley, J.; Ocio, E. M.; Garcia-Sanz, R.; Treon, S. P.; Leblond, V.; Kyle, R. A.; Barlogie, B.; Merlini, G. (2009). "International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Blood. 113 (18): 4163–4170. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961. ISSN 0006-4971.
  14. ↑ Kyle RA, Greipp PR, Gertz MA, Witzig TE, Lust JA, Lacy MQ; et al. (2000). "Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia: a prospective study comparing daily with intermittent oral chlorambucil". Br J Haematol. 108 (4): 737–42. PMID 10792277.
  15. ↑ Treon SP, Cao Y, Xu L, Yang G, Liu X, Hunter ZR (2014). "Somatic mutations in MYD88 and CXCR4 are determinants of clinical presentation and overall survival in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Blood. 123 (18): 2791–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-01-550905. PMID 24553177.
  16. ↑ Kyle, Robert A.; Larson, Dirk R.; McPhail, Ellen D.; Therneau, Terry M.; Dispenzieri, Angela; Kumar, Shaji; Kapoor, Prashant; Cerhan, James R.; Rajkumar, S. Vincent (2018). "Fifty-Year Incidence of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, From 1961 Through 2010: A Population-Based Study With Complete Case Capture and Hematopathologic Review". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 93 (6): 739–746. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.02.011. ISSN 0025-6196.
  17. ↑ Ansell SM, Kyle RA, Reeder CB, Fonseca R, Mikhael JR, Morice WG; et al. (2010). "Diagnosis and management of Waldenström macroglobulinemia: Mayo stratification of macroglobulinemia and risk-adapted therapy (mSMART) guidelines". Mayo Clin Proc. 85 (9): 824–33. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0304. PMC 2931618. PMID 20702770.
  18. ↑ Gobbi PG, Baldini L, Broglia C, Goldaniga M, Comelli M, Morel P; et al. (2005). "Prognostic validation of the international classification of immunoglobulin M gammopathies: a survival advantage for patients with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance?". Clin Cancer Res. 11 (5): 1786–90. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1899. PMID 15756000.
  19. ↑ Dimopoulos MA, Hamilos G, Zervas K, Symeonidis A, Kouvatseas G, Roussou P; et al. (2003). "Survival and prognostic factors after initiation of treatment in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Ann Oncol. 14 (8): 1299–305. PMID 12881396.
  20. ↑ Leleu X, Moreau AS, Weller E, Roccaro AM, Coiteux V, Manning R; et al. (2008). "Serum immunoglobulin free light chain correlates with tumor burden markers in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Leuk Lymphoma. 49 (6): 1104–7. doi:10.1080/10428190802074619. PMID 18452095.
  21. ↑ Kastritis E, Zervas K, Repoussis P, Michali E, Katodrytou E, Zomas A; et al. (2009). "Prognostication in young and old patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: importance of the International Prognostic Scoring System and of serum lactate dehydrogenase". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 9 (1): 50–2. doi:10.3816/CLM.2009.n.012. PMID 19362972.
  22. ↑ Ho AW, Hatjiharissi E, Ciccarelli BT, Branagan AR, Hunter ZR, Leleu X; et al. (2008). "CD27-CD70 interactions in the pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Blood. 112 (12): 4683–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-04-084525. PMC 2597134. PMID 18216294.
  23. ↑ Morel P, Duhamel A, Gobbi P, Dimopoulos MA, Dhodapkar MV, McCoy J; et al. (2009). "International prognostic scoring system for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia". Blood. 113 (18): 4163–70. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-08-174961. PMID 19196866.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Lymphoplasmacytic_lymphoma_natural_history,_complications_and_prognosis&oldid=1553047"