Lipoprotein disorders causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Hyperlipidemia}}
{{Hyperlipidemia}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HP}}; {{Hilda}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HP}}; {{Hilda}}
{{PleaseHelp}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as a modifiable risk factor for [[cardiovascular disease]]s due to their contribution to [[atherosclerosis]]. The causes of hyperlipidemias can be primary or secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic etiologies, such as mutations in receptor proteins, which include [[chylomicronemia]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], dysbetalipoproteinemia, [[hypertriglyceridemia]], mixed hyperlipoproteinemia and combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Secondary hyperlipidemia results from other underlying conditions such as [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]].
Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as a modifiable risk factor for [[cardiovascular disease]]s due to their contribution to [[atherosclerosis]]. The causes of hyperlipidemia can be primary or secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic etiologies, such as mutations in receptor proteins, which include [[chylomicronemia]], [[hypercholesterolemia]], dysbetalipoproteinemia, [[hypertriglyceridemia]], mixed hyperlipoproteinemia and combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Secondary hyperlipidemia results from other underlying conditions such as [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Alcohol abuse]]
*[[Alcohol abuse]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
 
*[[Fat|High fat diet]]
*High fat diet
 
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
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| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amprenavir]], atazanavir sulfate, [[atypical antipsychotics]], [[bendrofluazide]], [[beta blockers]], [[bexarotene]], [[chenodeoxycholic acid]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[clofibrate]], colesevelam hydrochloride, [[colestyramine]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[cyclopenthiazide]], [[danazol]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[doxazosin]], [[etretinate]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[gestrinone]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[interferon alpha]], [[isotretinoin]], [[linagliptin]], [[lopinavir]], [[mitotane]], [[nelfinavir]], [[prazosin]], [[progestagens]], [[propofol]], [[protease inhibitors]], [[ritonavir]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[saquinavir]], [[sirolimus]], [[temsirolimus]], [[testosterone]], [[thiazide diuretics]], [[tipranavir]], [[tocilizumab]], tofacitinib, [[torcetrapib]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amprenavir]], [[atazanavir|atazanavir sulfate]], [[atypical antipsychotics]], [[bendrofluazide]], [[beta blockers]], [[bexarotene]], [[chenodeoxycholic acid]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[clofibrate]], [[clozapine]], [[colesevelam|colesevelam hydrochloride]], [[colestyramine]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[cyclopenthiazide]], [[danazol]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[doxazosin]], [[etretinate]], [[everolimus]], [[febuxostat]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[gestrinone]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[Iloperidone]],  [[interferon alpha]], [[isotretinoin]], [[linagliptin]], [[lopinavir]], [[mitotane]], [[nelfinavir]], [[olanzapine]], [[Pegaspargase]], [[pramipexole]], [[prazosin]], [[progestagens]], [[propofol]], [[protease inhibitors]], [[ritonavir]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[saquinavir]], [[sirolimus]], [[temsirolimus]], [[testosterone]], [[thiazide diuretics]], [[tipranavir]], [[tocilizumab]], [[tofacitinib]], [[torcetrapib]]
|-
|-
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| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholestatic jaundice]], [[intrahepatic cholestasis]], malignant hepatopathy, [[pancreatitis]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholestatic jaundice]], [[intrahepatic cholestasis]], [[pancreatitis]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[analbuminaemia]], apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, apoprotein E deficiency, Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy, [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], chromosome 15q deletion, [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, [[familial mixed hyperlipidemia]], [[fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency]], [[glycogen storage diseases]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], primary hyperlipoproteinemia, [[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alstrom syndrome]], [[analbuminaemia]], [[apolipoprotein C2|apolipoprotein C-II deficiency]], [[apolipoprotein E|apoliprotein E deficiency]], [[Berardinelli lipodystrophy syndrome|Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy]], [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Chromosome 15q partial deletion|chromosome 15q deletion]], [[chylomicronemia]], [[familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]], [[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]], [[familial hypertriglyceridaemia]], [[familial isolated vitamin E deficiency]], [[familial mixed hyperlipidemia]], [[fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency]], [[glycogen storage diseases]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia|primary hyperlipoproteinemia]], [[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]], [[Werner syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Dysglobulinemia, [[LDL receptor deficiency]], omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, [[selenium deficiency]], [[vitamin E deficiency]], [[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]], apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, apoprotein E deficiency, [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, [[fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency]], [[glycogen storage diseases]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], primary hyperlipoproteinemia
|bgcolor="Beige"| Dysglobulinemia, [[LDL receptor deficiency]], [[Polyunsaturated fat|omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]], [[selenium deficiency]], [[vitamin E deficiency]], [[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]], [[apolipoprotein C2|apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, apoprotein E deficiency]], [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[familial isolated vitamin E deficiency]], [[fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency]], [[glycogen storage diseases]], [[lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]], [[lipoprotein lipase deficiency]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]], [[hyperlipoproteinemia|primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amprenavir]], atazanavir sulfate, [[atypical antipsychotics]], [[bendrofluazide]], [[beta blockers]], [[bexarotene]], [[chenodeoxycholic acid]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[clofibrate]], colesevelam hydrochloride, [[colestyramine]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[cyclopenthiazide]], [[danazol]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[doxazosin]], [[etretinate]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[gestrinone]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[interferon alpha]], [[isotretinoin]], [[linagliptin]], [[lopinavir]], [[mitotane]], [[nelfinavir]], [[prazosin]], [[progestagens]], [[propofol]], [[protease inhibitors]], [[ritonavir]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[saquinavir]], [[sirolimus]], [[temsirolimus]], [[testosterone]], [[thiazide diuretics]], [[tipranavir]], [[tocilizumab]], tofacitinib, [[torcetrapib]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amprenavir]], [[atazanavir|atazanavir sulfate]], [[atypical antipsychotics]], [[bendrofluazide]], [[beta blockers]], [[bexarotene]], [[chenodeoxycholic acid]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[clofibrate]], [[clozapine]], [[colesevelam|colesevelam hydrochloride]], [[colestyramine]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[cyclopenthiazide]], [[danazol]], [[desvenlafaxine]], [[doxazosin]], [[etretinate]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[gestrinone]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[interferon alpha]], [[isotretinoin]], [[linagliptin]], [[lopinavir]], [[mitotane]], [[nelfinavir]], [[olanzapine]] [[prazosin]], [[progestagens]], [[propofol]], [[protease inhibitors]], [[ritonavir]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[saquinavir]], [[sirolimus]], [[temsirolimus]], [[testosterone]], [[thiazide diuretics]], [[tipranavir]], [[tocilizumab]], [[tofacitinib]], [[torcetrapib]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol abuse]], benign symmetrical lipomatosis, [[exercise]], high fat diet, [[obesity]], positive family history, [[sedentary lifestyle]], [[stress]], [[tobacco smoking]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol abuse]], [[lipomatosis|benign symmetrical lipomatosis]], [[exercise]], [[fat|high fat diet]], [[obesity]], [[family history|positive family history]], [[sedentary lifestyle]], [[stress]], [[tobacco smoking]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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*[[Analbuminaemia]]
*[[Analbuminaemia]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency
*[[apolipoprotein C2|Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency]]<ref>[http://omim.org/entry/207750 OMIM entry 207750] last updated 02/10/2009</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|227429}}</ref><ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author=James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Apoprotein E deficiency
*[[Apolipoprotein E|Apoprotein E deficiency]]
*Atazanavir sulfate
*[[Atazanavir|Atazanavir sulfate]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]]<ref name="pmid11603884">{{cite journal| author=Henderson DC| title=Clozapine: diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2001 | volume= 62 Suppl 23 | issue=  | pages= 39-44 | pmid=11603884 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11603884  }} </ref>
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*[[Bendrofluazide]]
*Benign symmetrical lipomatosis
*[[Lipomatosis|Benign symmetrical lipomatosis]]
*Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy
*[[Berardinelli lipodystrophy syndrome|Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Bexarotene]]
*[[Bexarotene]]
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*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Chlorthalidone]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
*[[Cholestatic jaundice]]<ref name="pmid2323525">{{cite journal| author=Rosenson RS, Baker AL, Chow MJ, Hay RV| title=Hyperviscosity syndrome in a hypercholesterolemic patient with primary biliary cirrhosis. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1990 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 1351-7 | pmid=2323525 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2323525  }} </ref>
*Chromosome 15q deletion
*[[Chromosome 15q partial deletion|Chromosome 15q deletion]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Chylomicronemia]]<ref>[http://omim.org/entry/118830 OMIM entry 118830] updated 03/18/2004</ref>
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*Colesevelam hydrochloride
*[[Clozapine]]<ref name="pmid11603884">{{cite journal| author=Henderson DC| title=Clozapine: diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2001 | volume= 62 Suppl 23 | issue=  | pages= 39-44 | pmid=11603884 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11603884  }} </ref>
*[[Colesevelam|Colesevelam hydrochloride]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Colestyramine]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
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*[[Danazol]]
*[[Danazol]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Desvenlafaxine]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]<ref name="pmid3893447">{{cite journal| author=Zavaroni I, Dall'Aglio E, Alpi O, Bruschi F, Bonora E, Pezzarossa A et al.| title=Evidence for an independent relationship between plasma insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 1985 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 259-66 | pmid=3893447 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3893447  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Doxazosin]]
*[[Doxazosin]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*Dysglobulinemia
*Dysglobulinemia
*[[Etretinate]]
*[[Etretinate]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Exercise]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*[[Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency]]
*Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100
*[[Apolipoprotein B deficiency|Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*[[Familial hypertriglyceridaemia]]
*Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency
*[[Familial isolated vitamin E deficiency]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Familial mixed hyperlipidemia]]
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
*[[Fosamprenavir]]
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*[[Glycogen storage diseases]]
*[[Glycogen storage diseases]]
*[[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]]
*[[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]]
*High fat diet
*[[Fat|High fat diet]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid8371604">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien T, Dinneen SF, O'Brien PC, Palumbo PJ| title=Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1993 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 860-6 | pmid=8371604 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8371604  }} </ref>
*[[Interferon alpha]]
*[[Interferon alpha]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Intrahepatic cholestasis]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[Isotretinoin]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[LDL receptor deficiency]]
*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]
*[[Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid3141686">{{cite journal| author=McIntyre N| title=Familial LCAT deficiency and fish-eye disease. | journal=J Inherit Metab Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 11 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 45-56 | pmid=3141686 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3141686  }} </ref>
*[[Linagliptin]]
*[[Linagliptin]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Lopinavir]]
*[[Macrophage activation syndrome]]
*[[Macrophage activation syndrome]]
*Malignant hepatopathy
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
*[[Mitotane]]
*[[Mitotane]]
*[[Nelfinavir]]
*[[Nelfinavir]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Niemann-Pick disease ]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid6219830">{{cite journal| author=Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP| title=Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. | journal=Circulation | year= 1983 | volume= 67 | issue= 5 | pages= 968-77 | pmid=6219830 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6219830  }} </ref>
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Niemann-Pick disease ]]
*[[olanzapine]]<ref name="pmid10584766">{{cite journal| author=Osser DN, Najarian DM, Dufresne RL| title=Olanzapine increases weight and serum triglyceride levels. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 1999 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 767-70 | pmid=10584766 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584766  }} </ref>
*[[Obesity]]
*[[ Polyunsaturated fat|Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]]
*Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Parenteral nutrition]]
*[[Parenteral nutrition]]
*Positive family history
*[[Pegaspargase]]
*[[Family History|Positive family history]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
*[[Hyperlipoproteinemia|Primary hyperlipoproteinemia]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Progestagens]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Propofol]]
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*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Tipranavir]]
*[[Tipranavir]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]<ref name="pmid1349365">{{cite journal| author=Facchini FS, Hollenbeck CB, Jeppesen J, Chen YD, Reaven GM| title=Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. | journal=Lancet | year= 1992 | volume= 339 | issue= 8802 | pages= 1128-30 | pmid=1349365 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1349365  }} </ref>
*[[Tocilizumab]]
*[[Tocilizumab]]
*Tofacitinib
*[[Tofacitinib]]
*[[Torcetrapib]]
*[[Torcetrapib]]
*[[Vitamin E deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin E deficiency]]
*[[Werner syndrome]]
*[[Werner syndrome]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
===Familial (Primary) Hyperlipidemia===
====Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I====
Type I hyperlipoproteinemia exists in several forms:
*[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency|Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (Type Ia)]], due to a deficiency of [[lipoprotein lipase]] (LPL) or altered [[apolipoprotein C2]], resulting in elevated [[chylomicron]]s, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the [[digestive tract]] to the [[liver]].
*Familial apoprotein CII deficiency (Type Ib),<ref>[http://omim.org/entry/207750 OMIM entry 207750] last updated 02/10/2009</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|227429}}</ref> a condition caused by a lack of [[lipoprotein lipase]] activator.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author=James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>{{rp|533}}
*Chylomicronemia due to circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (Type Ic)<ref>[http://omim.org/entry/118830 OMIM entry 118830] updated 03/18/2004</ref>
Type I hyperlipoproteinemia usually presents in childhood with eruptive xanthomata and abdominal colic. Complications include retinal vein occlusion, acute pancreatitis, steatosis and organomegaly, and lipemia retinalis.
====Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II====
Hyperlipoproteinemia type II, by far the most common form, is further classified into type IIa and type IIb, depending mainly on whether there is elevation in the triglyceride level in addition to LDL cholesterol.
=====Type IIa=====
{{main|Familial hypercholesterolemia}}
This may be sporadic (due to dietary factors), polygenic, or truly familial as a result of a mutation either in the [[LDL receptor]] gene on [[chromosome 19]] (0.2% of the population) or the [[apolipoprotein B|ApoB]] gene (0.2%). The familial form is characterized by [[Xanthoma|tendon xanthoma]], [[xanthelasma]] and premature cardiovascular disease.  The incidence of this disease is about 200 in 100,000 for heterozygotes, and 0.1 in 100,000 for homozygotes.
=====Type IIb=====
The high VLDL levels are due to overproduction of substrates, including triglycerides, acetyl CoA, and an increase in B-100 synthesis. They may also be caused by the decreased clearance of LDL. Prevalence in the population is 10%.
* Familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia (FCH)
* Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, often called ([[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]])
* Secondary combined hyperlipoproteinemia (usually in the context of [[metabolic syndrome]], for which it is a diagnostic criterion)
====Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III====
This form is due to high [[chylomicron]]s and IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein). Also known as broad beta disease or dysbetalipoproteinemia, the most common cause for this form is the presence of [[Apolipoprotein E|ApoE]] E2/E2 genotype. It is due to cholesterol-rich VLDL (β-VLDL). Its prevalence has been estimated to be approximately 10 in 100,000.
====Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV====
Familial hypertriglyceridemia is an autosomal dominant condition occurring in approximately 1% of the population.
====Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V====
*Very similar to type I, but with high [[VLDL]] in addition to chylomicrons
*Associated with glucose intolerance and hyperuricemia
====Familial Lecithin-cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) Deficiency<ref name="pmid3141686">{{cite journal| author=McIntyre N| title=Familial LCAT deficiency and fish-eye disease. | journal=J Inherit Metab Dis | year= 1988 | volume= 11 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= 45-56 | pmid=3141686 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3141686  }} </ref>====
*Caused by mutations of the LCAT gene located on chromosome 16q22, which is passed on in an autosomal recessive fashion
*Associated with corneal opacities, hemolytic anaemia, and proteinuria
===Secondary Hyperlipidemia===
Secondary to some underlying "non-lipid" etiology:
*[[Acromegaly]]
*Alcohol
*[[Cholestatic liver disease]]s<ref name="pmid2323525">{{cite journal| author=Rosenson RS, Baker AL, Chow MJ, Hay RV| title=Hyperviscosity syndrome in a hypercholesterolemic patient with primary biliary cirrhosis. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1990 | volume= 98 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 1351-7 | pmid=2323525 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2323525  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Connective tissue disorder]]s
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]], type 2 <ref name="pmid3893447">{{cite journal| author=Zavaroni I, Dall'Aglio E, Alpi O, Bruschi F, Bonora E, Pezzarossa A et al.| title=Evidence for an independent relationship between plasma insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. | journal=Atherosclerosis | year= 1985 | volume= 55 | issue= 3 | pages= 259-66 | pmid=3893447 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3893447  }} </ref>
**Dysglobulinemias (lupus, lymphoma, myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia)
**Glycogen storage disease, type I
*Drugs
**Antiretroviral drugs used for HIV infection, in particular the [[protease inhibitor]]s
**Atypical antipsychotic agents, such as [[clozapine]]<ref name="pmid11603884">{{cite journal| author=Henderson DC| title=Clozapine: diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2001 | volume= 62 Suppl 23 | issue=  | pages= 39-44 | pmid=11603884 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11603884  }} </ref> and [[olanzapine]]<ref name="pmid10584766">{{cite journal| author=Osser DN, Najarian DM, Dufresne RL| title=Olanzapine increases weight and serum triglyceride levels. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 1999 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 767-70 | pmid=10584766 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10584766  }} </ref>
**[[Beta blocker]]s
**Bile acid binding resins
**[[Cimetidine]]
**[[Glucocorticoids]]
**[[Isotretinoin]]
**Oral [[estrogens]]
**[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Hypopituitarism]] (ateliotic dwarfism)
*[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid8371604">{{cite journal| author=O'Brien T, Dinneen SF, O'Brien PC, Palumbo PJ| title=Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1993 | volume= 68 | issue= 9 | pages= 860-6 | pmid=8371604 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8371604  }} </ref>
*Lipodystrophy (congenital or acquired)
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid6219830">{{cite journal| author=Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP| title=Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. | journal=Circulation | year= 1983 | volume= 67 | issue= 5 | pages= 968-77 | pmid=6219830 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6219830  }} </ref>
*[[Pancreatitis]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*Smoking<ref name="pmid1349365">{{cite journal| author=Facchini FS, Hollenbeck CB, Jeppesen J, Chen YD, Reaven GM| title=Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. | journal=Lancet | year= 1992 | volume= 339 | issue= 8802 | pages= 1128-30 | pmid=1349365 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1349365  }} </ref>
*Stress


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 18:27, 21 July 2016

Lipoprotein Disorders Microchapters

Patient Information

Overview

Causes

Classification

Hyperlipoproteinemia
Hypolipoproteinemia

Treatment

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hardik Patel, M.D.; Hilda Mahmoudi M.D., M.P.H.[2]

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Overview

Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases due to their contribution to atherosclerosis. The causes of hyperlipidemia can be primary or secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic etiologies, such as mutations in receptor proteins, which include chylomicronemia, hypercholesterolemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipoproteinemia and combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Secondary hyperlipidemia results from other underlying conditions such as diabetes.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Alagille syndrome
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Amprenavir, atazanavir sulfate, atypical antipsychotics, bendrofluazide, beta blockers, bexarotene, chenodeoxycholic acid, chlorthalidone, clofibrate, clozapine, colesevelam hydrochloride, colestyramine, combined oral contraceptive pill, cyclopenthiazide, danazol, desvenlafaxine, doxazosin, etretinate, everolimus, febuxostat, fosamprenavir, gestrinone, hydrochlorothiazide, Iloperidone, interferon alpha, isotretinoin, linagliptin, lopinavir, mitotane, nelfinavir, olanzapine, Pegaspargase, pramipexole, prazosin, progestagens, propofol, protease inhibitors, ritonavir, rosiglitazone, saquinavir, sirolimus, temsirolimus, testosterone, thiazide diuretics, tipranavir, tocilizumab, tofacitinib, torcetrapib
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Cushing syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, hypopituitarism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Cholestatic jaundice, intrahepatic cholestasis, pancreatitis, Alagille syndrome
Genetic Alagille syndrome, Alstrom syndrome, analbuminaemia, apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, apoliprotein E deficiency, Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency, chromosome 15q deletion, chylomicronemia, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, familial defective apolipoprotein B-100, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, familial mixed hyperlipidemia, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease, primary hyperlipoproteinemia, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Werner syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Parenteral nutrition
Infectious Disease Sepsis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
Neurologic Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma
Nutritional / Metabolic Dysglobulinemia, LDL receptor deficiency, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, selenium deficiency, vitamin E deficiency, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, apolipoprotein C-II deficiency, apoprotein E deficiency, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency, familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Niemann-Pick disease, primary hyperlipoproteinemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Amprenavir, atazanavir sulfate, atypical antipsychotics, bendrofluazide, beta blockers, bexarotene, chenodeoxycholic acid, chlorthalidone, clofibrate, clozapine, colesevelam hydrochloride, colestyramine, combined oral contraceptive pill, cyclopenthiazide, danazol, desvenlafaxine, doxazosin, etretinate, fosamprenavir, gestrinone, hydrochlorothiazide, interferon alpha, isotretinoin, linagliptin, lopinavir, mitotane, nelfinavir, olanzapine prazosin, progestagens, propofol, protease inhibitors, ritonavir, rosiglitazone, saquinavir, sirolimus, temsirolimus, testosterone, thiazide diuretics, tipranavir, tocilizumab, tofacitinib, torcetrapib
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, Alagille syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Macrophage activation syndrome
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol abuse, benign symmetrical lipomatosis, exercise, high fat diet, obesity, positive family history, sedentary lifestyle, stress, tobacco smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ OMIM entry 207750 last updated 02/10/2009
  2. ↑ PMID 227429 (PMID 227429)
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  3. ↑ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Henderson DC (2001). "Clozapine: diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and lipid abnormalities". J Clin Psychiatry. 62 Suppl 23: 39–44. PMID 11603884.
  5. ↑ Rosenson RS, Baker AL, Chow MJ, Hay RV (1990). "Hyperviscosity syndrome in a hypercholesterolemic patient with primary biliary cirrhosis". Gastroenterology. 98 (5 Pt 1): 1351–7. PMID 2323525.
  6. ↑ OMIM entry 118830 updated 03/18/2004
  7. ↑ Zavaroni I, Dall'Aglio E, Alpi O, Bruschi F, Bonora E, Pezzarossa A; et al. (1985). "Evidence for an independent relationship between plasma insulin and concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride". Atherosclerosis. 55 (3): 259–66. PMID 3893447.
  8. ↑ O'Brien T, Dinneen SF, O'Brien PC, Palumbo PJ (1993). "Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism". Mayo Clin Proc. 68 (9): 860–6. PMID 8371604.
  9. ↑ McIntyre N (1988). "Familial LCAT deficiency and fish-eye disease". J Inherit Metab Dis. 11 Suppl 1: 45–56. PMID 3141686.
  10. ↑ Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP (1983). "Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study". Circulation. 67 (5): 968–77. PMID 6219830.
  11. ↑ Osser DN, Najarian DM, Dufresne RL (1999). "Olanzapine increases weight and serum triglyceride levels". J Clin Psychiatry. 60 (11): 767–70. PMID 10584766.
  12. ↑ Facchini FS, Hollenbeck CB, Jeppesen J, Chen YD, Reaven GM (1992). "Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking". Lancet. 339 (8802): 1128–30. PMID 1349365.

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