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==Overview==
==Overview==
Except in the most severe cases, ischemic colitis is treated with supportive care. Treatment is determined by its severity and include intravenous fluids, bowel rest, nasogastric tube, and total parenteral nutrition. Patients with colonic dilatation are managed with insertion of a rectal tube or endoscopic decompression. There is no evidence about the role of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Steroids have not been shown to improve outcomes.
Ischemic colitis is usually treated with supportive care. Treatment is determined by its severity and include [[intravenous fluids]], [[Intestine|bowel]] rest, nasogastric tube, and [[total parenteral nutrition]]. Patients with [[Megacolon|colonic dilatation]] are managed with insertion of a [[rectal]] tube or [[Endoscopy|endoscopic]] [[decompression]]. There is no evidence about the role of [[Anticoagulant|anticoagulation]] or [[Antiplatelet drug|antiplatelet]] therapy. [[Steroid|Steroids]] have not been shown to improve outcomes.


==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
The medical therapy for ischemic colitis is as follows:<ref>PATH, EJ, McCLURE, JN Jr. Intestinal obstruction; the protective action of sulfasuxidine and sulfathalidine to the ileum following vascular damage. Ann Surg 1950; 131:159.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Plonka A, Schentag J, Messinger S, Adelman M, Francis K, Williams J | title = Effects of enteral and intravenous antimicrobial treatment on survival following intestinal ischemia in rats. | journal = J Surg Res | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 216-20 | year = 1989 | id = PMID 2921861}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bennion R, Wilson S, Williams R | title = Early portal anaerobic bacteremia in mesenteric ischemia. | journal = Arch Surg | volume = 119 | issue = 2 | pages = 151-5 | year = 1984 | id = PMID 6696611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Redan J, Rush B, Lysz T, Smith S, Machiedo G | title = Organ distribution of gut-derived bacteria caused by bowel manipulation or ischemia. | journal = Am J Surg | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 85-9; discussion 89-90 | year = 1990 | id = PMID 2403765}}</ref><ref>Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 7th ed., 2002 Saunders, p. 2334.</ref><ref name="NikolicKeck2017">{{cite journal|last1=Nikolic|first1=Amanda L.|last2=Keck|first2=James O.|title=Ischaemic colitis: uncertainty in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management|journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery|year=2017|issn=14451433|doi=10.1111/ans.14237}}</ref>
The medical therapy for ischemic colitis is as follows:<ref>PATH, EJ, McCLURE, JN Jr. Intestinal obstruction; the protective action of sulfasuxidine and sulfathalidine to the ileum following vascular damage. Ann Surg 1950; 131:159.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Plonka A, Schentag J, Messinger S, Adelman M, Francis K, Williams J | title = Effects of enteral and intravenous antimicrobial treatment on survival following intestinal ischemia in rats. | journal = J Surg Res | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 216-20 | year = 1989 | id = PMID 2921861}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Bennion R, Wilson S, Williams R | title = Early portal anaerobic bacteremia in mesenteric ischemia. | journal = Arch Surg | volume = 119 | issue = 2 | pages = 151-5 | year = 1984 | id = PMID 6696611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Redan J, Rush B, Lysz T, Smith S, Machiedo G | title = Organ distribution of gut-derived bacteria caused by bowel manipulation or ischemia. | journal = Am J Surg | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 85-9; discussion 89-90 | year = 1990 | id = PMID 2403765}}</ref><ref>Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 7th ed., 2002 Saunders, p. 2334.</ref><ref name="NikolicKeck2017">{{cite journal|last1=Nikolic|first1=Amanda L.|last2=Keck|first2=James O.|title=Ischaemic colitis: uncertainty in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management|journal=ANZ Journal of Surgery|year=2017|issn=14451433|doi=10.1111/ans.14237}}</ref>
* Treatment is determined by its severity
* Treatment is determined by its severity
**Sepsis, hypotension, poor cardiac function, hypovolaemia and hypoxia should be addressed, and precipitating drugs withdrawn.  
**[[Sepsis]], [[hypotension]], poor cardiac function, [[hypovolemia]] and [[Hypoxemia|hypoxia]] should be addressed, and precipitating [[:Category:Drugs|drugs]] withdrawn.  
* Patients with colonic dilatation are managed with insertion of a rectal tube or endoscopic decompression.
* Patients with [[Gastrointestinal perforation|colonic]] [[Dilation|dilatation]] are managed with insertion of a [[rectal]] tube or [[Endoscopy|endoscopic]] decompression.
* There is no evidence about the role of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy.
* There is no evidence about the role of [[Anticoagulant|anticoagulation]] or [[Antiplatelet agent|antiplatelet]] therapy.
* Steroids have not been shown to improve outcomes.
* [[Steroid|Steroids]] have not been shown to improve outcomes.


===Intravenous Fluids===
===Intravenous Fluids===
* Fluid resuscitation
* [[Fluid replacement|Fluid resuscitation]] with:
** Intravenous fluids  
** [[Intravenous fluids]]
** Bowel rest
** [[Intestine|Bowel]] rest
** Nasogastric tube  
** Nasogastric tube  
** Total parenteral nutrition if prolonged bowel rest  
** [[Total parenteral nutrition]] if prolonged bowel rest  


===Optimize Cardiac Output===
===Optimize Cardiac Output===
* If possible, cardiac function and oxygenation should be optimized to improve oxygen delivery to the ischemic bowel.
* If possible, [[Heart|cardiac]] function and [[oxygenation]] should be optimized to improve [[oxygen]] delivery to the [[Ischemia|ischemic]] [[Intestine|bowel]].


===Nasogastric Tube===
===Nasogastric Tube===
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===Antibiotics===
===Antibiotics===
* Antibiotic use in animal studies has demonstrated reduced duration and severity of ischemic colitis, and prevention of bacterial translocation through damaged mucosa.
* [[Antibiotic]] use in animal studies has demonstrated reduced duration and severity of ischemic colitis, and [[Prevention (medical)|prevention]] of [[Bacteria|bacterial]] translocation through damaged [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]].
** A study involving dogs demonstrated reduction in vessel thrombosis and increased survival.
** A study involving dogs demonstrated reduction in [[Blood vessel|vessel]] [[thrombosis]] and increased survival.
* The role of antibiotic therapy in humans requires further research.
* The role of [[antibiotic]] therapy in humans requires further research.


====Contraindicated medications====
====Contraindicated medications====
* Alosetron
* [[Alosetron]]


==Algorithm==
==Algorithm==

Revision as of 16:27, 9 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hamid Qazi, MD, BSc [2]

Overview

Ischemic colitis is usually treated with supportive care. Treatment is determined by its severity and include intravenous fluids, bowel rest, nasogastric tube, and total parenteral nutrition. Patients with colonic dilatation are managed with insertion of a rectal tube or endoscopic decompression. There is no evidence about the role of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. Steroids have not been shown to improve outcomes.

Medical Therapy

The medical therapy for ischemic colitis is as follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Intravenous Fluids

Optimize Cardiac Output

Nasogastric Tube

Antibiotics

  • Antibiotic use in animal studies has demonstrated reduced duration and severity of ischemic colitis, and prevention of bacterial translocation through damaged mucosa.
    • A study involving dogs demonstrated reduction in vessel thrombosis and increased survival.
  • The role of antibiotic therapy in humans requires further research.

Contraindicated medications

Algorithm

  • The following algorithm represents the management of ischemic colitis.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, lower GI bleeding
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diagnosis by CT scan or colonscopy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stable or improving
 
 
 
 
Peritonitis signs or gangrenous bowel
 
 
 
 
Continuation of symptoms
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repeat colonoscopy after 2 weeks
 
 
 
 
Emergency laparatomy
 
 
 
 
Resection of diseased bowel
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Normal
 
Segmental colitis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Segment colectomy
 

References

  1. PATH, EJ, McCLURE, JN Jr. Intestinal obstruction; the protective action of sulfasuxidine and sulfathalidine to the ileum following vascular damage. Ann Surg 1950; 131:159.
  2. Plonka A, Schentag J, Messinger S, Adelman M, Francis K, Williams J (1989). "Effects of enteral and intravenous antimicrobial treatment on survival following intestinal ischemia in rats". J Surg Res. 46 (3): 216–20. PMID 2921861.
  3. Bennion R, Wilson S, Williams R (1984). "Early portal anaerobic bacteremia in mesenteric ischemia". Arch Surg. 119 (2): 151–5. PMID 6696611.
  4. Redan J, Rush B, Lysz T, Smith S, Machiedo G (1990). "Organ distribution of gut-derived bacteria caused by bowel manipulation or ischemia". Am J Surg. 159 (1): 85–9, discussion 89-90. PMID 2403765.
  5. Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 7th ed., 2002 Saunders, p. 2334.
  6. Nikolic, Amanda L.; Keck, James O. (2017). "Ischaemic colitis: uncertainty in diagnosis, pathophysiology and management". ANZ Journal of Surgery. doi:10.1111/ans.14237. ISSN 1445-1433.


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