Endocarditis medical therapy
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Endocarditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease |
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Case Studies |
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Endocarditis medical therapy On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Endocarditis medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3]; Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [4]
Overview
Blood cultures should be drawn prior to instituting antibiotics to identify the etiologic agent and to determine its antimicrobial susceptibility. Older antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin, nafcillin, cefazolin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, rifampin and vancomycin are the mainstays of therapy.
Timing of Initiation of Antibiotics
Antibiotic therapy for subacute or indolent disease can be delayed until results of blood cultures are known; in fulminant infection or valvular dysfunction requiring urgent surgical intervention, begin empirical antibiotic therapy promptly after blood cultures have been obtained.
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy
The duration for native valve endocarditis is often 4 weeks. For prosthetic valve endocarditis (including the presence of a valve ring), treatment should be continued for 6 to 8 weeks. For each infective agent, the preferred antimicrobial agent, dose, and duration is listed below.
Empirical Antibiotic Therapy
- Antibiotic therapy for subacute hemodynamically stable disease, and in those who have received antibiotics recently can be delayed waiting for the results of blood cultures, as this delay allows an additional blood cultures without the confounding effect of empiric treatment, which is very important in determining the causing pathogens.[1]
- On the other hand, the rapid progression of acute cases necessitates the start of empirical treatment antibiotic therapy once the blood cultures have been collected.
- Empirical therapy is needed for all likely pathogens, certain antibiotic agents, including aminoglycosides, is preferably avoided for its toxic effects.
- Clinical course of infection beside the epidemiological features should be considered upon selecting empirical treatment regimen.
- Consultation with an infectious disease specialist for the selection of one of the antibiotic regimens is recommended (see therapy for culture-negative endocarditis). [2]
References
- ↑ Braunwald, Eugene; Bonow, Robert O. (2012). Braunwald's heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicin. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-2708-1.
- ↑ Baddour, LM.; Wilson, WR.; Bayer, AS.; Fowler, VG.; Bolger, AF.; Levison, ME.; Ferrieri, P.; Gerber, MA.; Tani, LY. (2005). "Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Circulation. 111 (23): e394–434. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165564. PMID 15956145. Unknown parameter
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