Endocarditis historical background: Difference between revisions
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{{Endocarditis}} | {{Endocarditis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{Maliha}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806. | [[Endocarditis]] was first described in 1554. The [[inflammatory]] process associated with [[endocarditis]] was discovered in 1799. [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were first discovered to be associated with [[endocarditis]] in 1806. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books | === Discovery === | ||
*1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] endocarditis | Important landmarks in the history of [[endocarditis]] include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21537712">{{cite journal| author=Grinberg M, Solimene MC| title=Historical aspects of infective endocarditis. | journal=Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=21537712 | doi=10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537712 }}</ref><ref name="Contrepois2012">{{cite journal|last1=Contrepois|first1=Alain|title=Towards a history of infective endocarditis|journal=Medical History|volume=40|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–54|issn=0025-7273|doi=10.1017/S0025727300060658}}</ref><ref name="pmid32089994">{{cite journal| author=Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P | display-authors=etal| title=Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2019 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 149-155 | pmid=32089994 | doi=10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19 | pmc=7011492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32089994 }}</ref> | ||
*1646: | |||
*1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]] | *In 1554: Earliest report of [[endocarditis]] in medical books. | ||
*1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]] | *In 1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1749: Description of valvular lesions | *In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]]; detected [[murmur]]s by placing a hand on patient's chest. | ||
*1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed | *In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]]. | ||
*1784: | *In 1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]]. | ||
*1797: | *In 1749: Description of [[valvular]] lesions. | ||
*1799: | *In 1769: Link between infectious disease and [[endocarditis]] established; association with [[spleen]] observed. | ||
*1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis | *In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn. | ||
*1809: | *In 1797: Relationship between [[rheumatism]] and [[heart disease]] established. | ||
* | *In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]] described. | ||
*In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "[[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]]," [[Syphilis|syphilitic]] virus as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]]. | |||
*1832: | *In 1809: [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall. | ||
*1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; | *In 1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; the link between [[Venereal diseases|venereal disease]] and [[endocarditis]] dismissed. | ||
*1852: | *In 1832: Laennec's observations observed. | ||
*1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]] | *In 1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*1861: | *In 1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman). | ||
*1862: | *In 1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] associated with [[endocarditis]] by [[microscope]]; coined term "[[embolism]];" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as cause of endocarditis | *In 1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described. | ||
*1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''Mycosis | *In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described. | ||
*1872: | *In 1868-70: Described infected [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood]] as originating from the heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as a cause of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin | *In 1869: Established "[[parasites]]" on skin transported to the heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''[[Mycosis]] [[endocarditis]].'' | ||
*1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto valve | *In 1872: Microorganisms in [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] of [[endocarditis]] are described. | ||
*1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization | *In 1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin. | ||
*1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis | *In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto the [[valve]]. | ||
*1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection" | *In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for [[bacterial]] colonization. | ||
*1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures | *In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood | *In 1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection" | ||
*1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis | *In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures. | ||
*1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]" | *In 1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from [[pulmonary]] lesion to valve through blood. | ||
*1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion | *In 1883: Believed [[Microorganism|microorganisms]] were result, not cause, of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis | *In 1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]". | ||
*1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis | *In 1886: Demonstrated various [[bacteria]] introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion. | ||
*1903: First described "endocarditis lenta" | *In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis | *In 1899: Described [[streptococcal]], [[staphylococcal]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[gonococcal]] [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms | *In 1903: First described "[[endocarditis]] lenta". | ||
*1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures | *In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe [[cutaneous]] nodes (named "[[Osler's node|Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*1981: | *In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms. | ||
*1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings | *In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures. | ||
*1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms | *In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described. | ||
*1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' | *In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific [[Echocardiography|echocardiographic]] findings. | ||
*1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis | *In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by [[streptococci]], [[enterococci]], [[staphylococci]], and [[HACEK microorganisms]] described. | ||
*1997: | *In 1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]].'' | ||
*1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis | *In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis | *In 1997: Modifications to [[Duke criteria]] for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases. | ||
*2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] | *In 1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of [[streptococcal]], [[enterococcal]], and [[staphylococcal]] [[endocarditis]] established. | ||
*2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents | *In 1998: [[Antibiotic]] treatment of [[Endocarditis|infective endocarditis]] due to [[viridans streptococci]], [[enterococci]], and other [[streptococci]] established; recommendations for surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]]. | ||
*2001-3: | *In 2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria]. | ||
*In 2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents. | |||
*In 2001-3: Etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in [[endocarditis]] described. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:26, 3 March 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]
Overview
Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1][2][3][4]
- In 1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books.
- In 1669: Accurately description of tricuspid valve endocarditis.
- In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of a patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing a hand on patient's chest.
- In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of aorta.
- In 1715: Description of abnormality in aortic valve and mitral valve.
- In 1749: Description of valvular lesions.
- In 1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed.
- In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn.
- In 1797: Relationship between rheumatism and heart disease established.
- In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with endocarditis described.
- In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as a causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis.
- In 1809: Vegetations were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall.
- In 1816: Invention of cylindrical stethoscope used to listen to heart murmurs; the link between venereal disease and endocarditis dismissed.
- In 1832: Laennec's observations observed.
- In 1835-40: Named endocardium and endocarditis; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute rheumatoid arthritis and endocarditis established.
- In 1852: Consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman).
- In 1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in endocarditis.
- In 1861: Virchow's theory on emboli described.
- In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves described.
- In 1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from the heart; proposed scarlet fever as a cause of endocarditis.
- In 1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to the heart and attached to endocardium; named Mycosis endocarditis.
- In 1872: Microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis are described.
- In 1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin.
- In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto the valve.
- In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization.
- In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis.
- In 1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
- In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures.
- In 1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood.
- In 1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis.
- In 1884: Named disease "infective endocarditis".
- In 1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion.
- In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis.
- In 1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis.
- In 1903: First described "endocarditis lenta".
- In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis.
- In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms.
- In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures.
- In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described.
- In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings.
- In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms described.
- In 1996: Modified Duke Criteria to allow serologic diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii.
- In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis established.
- In 1997: Modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases.
- In 1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis established.
- In 1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci established; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis.
- In 2000: Updated and modified Duke Criteria.
- In 2002: Duke Criteria to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents.
- In 2001-3: Etiology of Bartonella spp., Tropheryma whipplei, and Coxiella burnetii in endocarditis described.
References
- ↑ Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.
- ↑ Grinberg M, Solimene MC (2011). "Historical aspects of infective endocarditis". Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 57 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023. PMID 21537712.
- ↑ Contrepois, Alain (2012). "Towards a history of infective endocarditis". Medical History. 40 (1): 25–54. doi:10.1017/S0025727300060658. ISSN 0025-7273.
- ↑ Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P; et al. (2019). "Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities". J Cardiovasc Echogr. 29 (4): 149–155. doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19. PMC 7011492 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32089994 Check|pmid=value (help).