Dysphagia classification: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Dysphagia is classified according to location into two subtypes/groups:
Dysphagia may be classified based on the location into oropharyngeal dysphagia or esophageal dysphagia. Dysphagia may also be classified based on etiology into further six subclasses which include infectious, metabolic, myopathic, neurological, structural and, iatrogenic.
* Oropharyngeal dysphagia
 
* Esophageal dysphagia
Dysphagia may be classified into several subtypes based on etiology into six subclasses: Infectious, Metabolic, Myopathic, Neurological, Structural and, Iatrogenic


==Classification of Dysphagia==
==Classification of Dysphagia==
[[Dysphagia]] is classified into two major types on the basis of location:  
[[Dysphagia]] may be classified based on the location into two major types:<ref name="pmid7587788">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Clark WS| title=Localization of an obstructing esophageal lesion. Is the patient accurate? | journal=Dig Dis Sci | year= 1995 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 2192-6 | pmid=7587788 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7587788  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24691181">{{cite journal| author=Kruger D| title=Assessing esophageal dysphagia. | journal=JAAPA | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 23-30 | pmid=24691181 | doi=10.1097/01.JAA.0000446227.85554.fb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24691181  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2042117">{{cite journal| author=Scheurer U| title=[Dysphagia]. | journal=Ther Umsch | year= 1991 | volume= 48 | issue= 3 | pages= 150-61 | pmid=2042117 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2042117  }} </ref>
* [[Pharynx|Oropharyngeal]] dysphagia  
* [[Pharynx|Oropharyngeal]] dysphagia  
* [[Esophageal]] dysphagia
* [[Esophageal]] dysphagia
It is also classified on the basis of etiology into six subclasses:
[[Dysphagia]] can also be classified based on the etiology into six sub classes:
* [[Infection|Infectious]]  
* [[Infection|Infectious]]  
* [[Metabolism|Metabolic]]  
* [[Metabolism|Metabolic]]  
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===Oropharyngeal Dysphagia===
===Oropharyngeal Dysphagia===
Arises from abnormalities of the upper [[esophagus]], [[pharynx]], and [[oral cavity]].
* Arises from abnormalities of the upper [[esophagus]], [[pharynx]], and [[oral cavity]].


===Esophageal Dysphagia===
===Esophageal Dysphagia===
Arises from the body of the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, or cardia of the stomach. Usually due to mechanical causes or motility problems.
* Arises from the body of the [[esophagus]], [[lower esophageal sphincter]], or [[Stomach|cardia of the stomach]].  
* Most commonly esophageal dysphagia is either due to mechanical obstruction of esophageal lumen or motility problems.


In some patients, no organic cause for dysphagia can be found, and these patients are defined as having functional dysphagia.
=== Functional dysphagia ===
* Dysphagia due to no organic cause.
* Diagnosis of exclusion.
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{{familytree | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C06 | | | | | | |!|C01=Metabolic|C02=Infectious|C03=Myopathic|C04=Neurological|C05=Structural|C06=Iatrogenic|}}
{{familytree | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C06 | | | | | | |!|C01=Metabolic|C02=Infectious|C03=Myopathic|C04=Neurological|C05=Structural|C06=Iatrogenic|}}
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{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C06 | | | | | | |!| | |C01= • Amyloidosis <br> • Cushings syndrome <br> • Thyrotoxicosis<br> • Wilsons disease|C02= • Mucositis<br> • Diphtheria<br> • Botulism<br> • Lymes disease<br> • Syphilis|C03= • Connective tissue disease(overlap disease)<br> • Dermatomyositis<br> • Myasthenia gravis<br> • Myotonic dystrophy<br> • Polymyositis<br> • Sarcoidosis<br> • Paraneoplastic syndromes|C04= • Brainstem tumors<br> • Head trauma<br> • Stroke<br> • Cerbral palsy<br> • Gullian barre syndrome<br> • Huntington disease<br> • Multiple sclerosis<br> • Postpolio syndrome<br> • Tardive dyskinesia<br> • Metabolic encephalopathies<br> • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis<br> • Parkinsons disease<br> • Dementia|C05= • Cricopharyngeal bar<br> • Zenkers diverticulum<br> • Cervical webs<br> • Oropharyngeal tumors<br> • Osteophytes and skeletal abnormalities<br>•Congenital(cleft palate,diverticula,pouches)|C06=•Medication side effects(neuroleptics)<br> • Radiation<br>•Corrosive(pill injury,intentional)<br>•Postsurgical muscular or neurogenic|C07=C07}}
{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | C06 | | | | | | |!| | |C01= •[[Amyloidosis]]<br>•[[Cushings syndrome]]<br>•[[Thyrotoxicosis]]<br>•[[Wilsons disease]]|C02=• [[Mucositis]]<br>•[[Diphtheria]]<br>•[[Botulism]]<br>•[[Lymes disease]]<br>•[[Syphilis]]|C03=•[[Connective tissue disease]]<br>•[[Dermatomyositis]]<br>•[[Myasthenia gravis]]<br>•[[Myotonic dystrophy]]<br>• [[Polymyositis]]<br>•[[Sarcoidosis]]<br>•[[Paraneoplastic syndromes]]|C04=•[[Brain tumor|Brainstem tumors]]<br>•[[Head trauma]]<br> • [[Stroke]]<br> • [[Cerebral palsy]]<br> • [[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Gullian barre syndrome]]<br> • [[Huntington disease]]<br> • [[Multiple sclerosis]]<br> • [[Post polio syndrome|Postpolio syndrome]]<br> • [[Tardive dyskinesia]]<br> • Metabolic encephalopathies<br> • [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]<br> • [[Parkinson's disease]]<br> • [[Dementia]]|C05= • Cricopharyngeal bar<br> • [[Zenkers diverticulum]]<br> • Cervical webs<br> • [[Oral cancers|Oropharyngeal tumors]]<br> • Osteophytes and skeletal abnormalities<br>•Congenital([[cleft palate]],diverticula,pouches)|C06=•Medication side effects([[neuroleptics]])<br> • Radiation<br>•Corrosive(pill injury,intentional)<br>•Postsurgical muscular or neurogenic|C07=C07}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 |B01=Esophageal dysphagia|B02=Oropharyngeal dysphagia}}  
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[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]

Latest revision as of 21:30, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Dysphagia may be classified based on the location into oropharyngeal dysphagia or esophageal dysphagia. Dysphagia may also be classified based on etiology into further six subclasses which include infectious, metabolic, myopathic, neurological, structural and, iatrogenic.

Classification of Dysphagia

Dysphagia may be classified based on the location into two major types:[1][2][3]

Dysphagia can also be classified based on the etiology into six sub classes:

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Esophageal Dysphagia

Functional dysphagia

  • Dysphagia due to no organic cause.
  • Diagnosis of exclusion.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Classification of Dysphagia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Based on etiology
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Based on location
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metabolic
 
Infectious
 
Myopathic
 
Neurological
 
Structural
 
Iatrogenic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Amyloidosis
•Cushings syndrome
•Thyrotoxicosis
•Wilsons disease
 
• Mucositis
•Diphtheria
•Botulism
•Lymes disease
•Syphilis
 
•Connective tissue disease
•Dermatomyositis
•Myasthenia gravis
•Myotonic dystrophy
• Polymyositis
•Sarcoidosis
•Paraneoplastic syndromes
 
•Brainstem tumors
•Head trauma
• Stroke
• Cerebral palsy
• Gullian barre syndrome
• Huntington disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Postpolio syndrome
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Metabolic encephalopathies
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Parkinson's disease
• Dementia
 
• Cricopharyngeal bar
• Zenkers diverticulum
• Cervical webs
• Oropharyngeal tumors
• Osteophytes and skeletal abnormalities
•Congenital(cleft palate,diverticula,pouches)
 
•Medication side effects(neuroleptics)
• Radiation
•Corrosive(pill injury,intentional)
•Postsurgical muscular or neurogenic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Esophageal dysphagia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oropharyngeal dysphagia

References

  1. ↑ Wilcox CM, Alexander LN, Clark WS (1995). "Localization of an obstructing esophageal lesion. Is the patient accurate?". Dig Dis Sci. 40 (10): 2192–6. PMID 7587788.
  2. ↑ Kruger D (2014). "Assessing esophageal dysphagia". JAAPA. 27 (5): 23–30. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000446227.85554.fb. PMID 24691181.
  3. ↑ Scheurer U (1991). "[Dysphagia]". Ther Umsch. 48 (3): 150–61. PMID 2042117.

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