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{{Chondroma}}
{{Chondroma}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{STM}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Enhondromas arise from rests of growth plate cartilage or chondrocytes that are normally involved in the production and maintainence of the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.<ref>Enchondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/enchondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref><ref>Chondrocytes. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrocyte. Accessed on December 16, 2015. </ref> Juxta-cortical chondromas (also known as periosteal chondromas) arise from the periosteum of tubular bones.<ref>Juxta-cortical chondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/juxta-cortical-chondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref> On microscopic histopathological analysis, avascular lobules of hyaline cartilagenous matrix interspersed with chondrocytes, separated by normal marrow are characteristic findings of chondromas.<ref name="pmid22991614">{{cite journal| author=Shariat Torbaghan S, Ashouri M, Jalayer Naderi N, Baherini N| title=Histopathologic Differentiation between Enchondroma and Well-differentiated Chondrosarcoma: Evaluating the Efficacy of Diagnostic Histologic Structures. | journal=J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 98-101 | pmid=22991614 | doi=10.5681/joddd.2011.022 | pmc=PMC3442455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22991614  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18074822">{{cite journal| author=Semenova LA, Bulycheva IV| title=[Chondromas (enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, enchondromatosis)]. | journal=Arkh Patol | year= 2007 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 45-8 | pmid=18074822 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18074822  }} </ref> On gross pathology, small (usually less than 3 cm), translucent, grey blue, nodular lesions with occasional calcifications are characteristic findings of chondromas.<ref>Enchondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/enchondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref> Genes involved in the pathogenesis of enchondroma and periosteal chondromas may include isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2.<ref name="pmid21598255">{{cite journal| author=Amary MF, Bacsi K, Maggiani F, Damato S, Halai D, Berisha F et al.| title=IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2011 | volume= 224 | issue= 3 | pages= 334-43 | pmid=21598255 | doi=10.1002/path.2913 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21598255  }} </ref> 
[[Enchondroma|Enchondromas]] arise from rests of [[growth plate]] [[cartilage]] or [[chondrocytes]] that are normally involved in the production and maintenance of the [[Cartilage|cartilaginous]] [[matrix]], which consists mainly of [[collagen]] and [[proteoglycans]]. [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of [[Enchondroma|enchondromas]] and [[Periosteal chondroma|periosteal chondromas]] include [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] 1 (''IDH1'') and [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] 2 (''IDH2)'' . On [[gross pathology]], small (usually less than 3 cm), [[translucent]], grey blue, [[nodular]] lesions with occasional [[calcification]]s are characteristic findings of chondromas. Enchondromas may be single or multiple. Multiple enchondromas are associated [[Maffucci syndrome]], [[Ollier disease]] and [[metachondromatosis]].


==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
*Enchondromas arise from rests of growth plate cartilage or chondrocytes that are normally involved in the production and maintainence of the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.<ref>Enchondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/enchondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref><ref>Chondrocytes. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrocyte. Accessed on December 16, 2015. </ref>
*[[Enchondroma|Enchondromas]] arise from rests of [[growth plate]] [[cartilage]] or [[chondrocytes]] that are normally involved in the production and maintenance of the cartilaginous [[matrix]], which consists mainly of [[collagen]] and [[proteoglycans]].<ref name="pmid9078305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dal Cin P, Qi H, Sciot R, Van den Berghe H |title=Involvement of chromosomes 6 and 11 in a soft tissue chondroma |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=177–8 |date=February 1997 |pmid=9078305 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Juxta-cortical chondromas (also known as periosteal chondromas) arise from the periosteum of tubular bones .<ref>Juxta-cortical chondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/juxta-cortical-chondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref>
*Chondromas arise as the result of nests of growth plate [[cartilage]] that have become entrapped in the [[Medullary canal|medullary]] canal of the [[metaphysis]] or in the [[metaphyseal]]-[[Diaphysis|diaphyseal]] junction. These [[hamartomatous]] proliferations persist as islands in the bone and then develop from enchondral [[ossification]].<ref name="pmid24959265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Geng S, Zhang J, Zhang LW, Wu Z, Jia G, Xiao X, Hao S |title=Diagnosis and microsurgical treatment of chondromas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base |journal=Oncol Lett |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=301–304 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24959265 |pmc=4063631 |doi=10.3892/ol.2014.2072 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2194723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis MM, Kenan S, Yabut SM, Norman A, Steiner G |title=Periosteal chondroma. A report of ten cases and review of the literature |journal=Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. |volume= |issue=256 |pages=185–92 |date=July 1990 |pmid=2194723 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Genetics==
==Genetics==
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of enchondroma and periosteal chondromas may include isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2.<ref name="pmid21598255">{{cite journal| author=Amary MF, Bacsi K, Maggiani F, Damato S, Halai D, Berisha F et al.| title=IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2011 | volume= 224 | issue= 3 | pages= 334-43 | pmid=21598255 | doi=10.1002/path.2913 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21598255  }} </ref> 
*[[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of [[Enchondroma|enchondromas]] and [[Periosteal chondroma|periosteal chondromas]] include [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] 1 (''IDH1'') and [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] 2 (''IDH2)'' .<ref name="pmid15187889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandberg AA |title=Genetics of chondrosarcoma and related tumors |journal=Curr Opin Oncol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=342–54 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15187889 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
==Gross Pathology==
*On gross pathology, small (usually less than 3 cm), translucent, grey blue, nodular lesions with occasional calcifications are characteristic findings of chondromas.<ref>Enchondroma. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/enchondroma Accessed on December 15, 2015</ref><ref>Periosteal and soft tissue chondromas. American Academy Of Orthopedic Surgeons. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00677 Accessed on December 16, 2015.</ref>
 
==Microscopic Pathology==
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, avascular, fibrous lobules of hyaline cartilagenous matrix, interspersed with chondrocytes and separated by normal marrow are characteristic findings of chondromas. In malignant chondrosarcomas, the fibrous capsule, is irregular, with extensions into the surrounding tissues and may be used in differentiating it from the benign chondroma.<ref name="pmid22991614">{{cite journal| author=Shariat Torbaghan S, Ashouri M, Jalayer Naderi N, Baherini N| title=Histopathologic Differentiation between Enchondroma and Well-differentiated Chondrosarcoma: Evaluating the Efficacy of Diagnostic Histologic Structures. | journal=J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 98-101 | pmid=22991614 | doi=10.5681/joddd.2011.022 | pmc=PMC3442455 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22991614  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18074822">{{cite journal| author=Semenova LA, Bulycheva IV| title=[Chondromas (enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, enchondromatosis)]. | journal=Arkh Patol | year= 2007 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 45-8 | pmid=18074822 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18074822  }} </ref>
 
<gallery>
image:Enchondroma_intermed_mag.jpg|The sections show spaced small cells in a pale matrix with a light-blue tinge. No nuclear atypia is appreciated. No mitotic activity is apparent. Degenerative changes are seen focally.<ref>Chondroma. LibrePathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Enchondroma_-_very_high_mag.jpg Accessed on December 16, 2015</ref>
 
image:Enchondroma_very_high_mag.jpg|The sections show spaced small cells in a pale matrix with a light-blue tinge. No nuclear atypia is appreciated. No mitotic activity is apparent. Degenerative changes are seen focally.<ref>Chondroma. LibrePathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/File:Enchondroma_-_very_high_mag.jpg Accessed on December 16, 2015</ref>
</gallery>


==Associated conditions==
==Associated conditions==
Enchondromas may be single or multiple. Multiple enchondromas are associated with the following:
Enchondromas may be single or multiple. Multiple enchondromas are associated with the following:<ref name="pmid26920730">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prokopchuk O, Andres S, Becker K, Holzapfel K, Hartmann D, Friess H |title=Maffucci syndrome and neoplasms: a case report and review of the literature |journal=BMC Res Notes |volume=9 |issue= |pages=126 |date=February 2016 |pmid=26920730 |pmc=4769492 |doi=10.1186/s13104-016-1913-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20516327">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mavrogenis AF, Skarpidi E, Papakonstantinou O, Papagelopoulos PJ |title=Chondrosarcoma in metachondromatosis: a case report |journal=J Bone Joint Surg Am |volume=92 |issue=6 |pages=1507–13 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20516327 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.I.00693 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22844293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watanabe F, Saiki T, Ochochi Y |title=Extraskeletal chondroma of the preauricular region: a case report and literature review |journal=Case Rep Med |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=121743 |date=2012 |pmid=22844293 |pmc=3400396 |doi=10.1155/2012/121743 |url=}}</ref>


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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Associated disease}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Associated disease}}
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|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
Maffucci syndrome  
[[Maffucci syndrome]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:Multiple enchondromas
:Multiple enchondromas
:Multiple hemangiomas
:Multiple [[hemangiomas]]
:Lymphangiomas
:[[Lymphangiomas]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
Sporadic
Sporadic
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |
Ollier disease
[[Ollier disease]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:Multiple enchondromas
:Multiple enchondromas
:Asymmetric dwarfism
:Asymmetric [[dwarfism]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
Sporadic
Sporadic
|-
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align=center |
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
Metachondromatosis
[[Metachondromatosis]]
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
:Multiple osteochondromas  
:Multiple [[osteochondromas]]
:Multiple enchondromas
:Multiple enchondromas
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align=center|
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
Genetic (Autosomal dominant)
[[Genetic]] ([[Autosomal dominant]])
|}
|}


===Video===
==Gross Pathology==
*On [[gross pathology]], small (usually less than 3 cm), [[translucent]], grey blue, [[nodular lesions]] with occasional [[calcification]]s are characteristic findings of chondromas.<ref name="pmid18074822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semenova LA, Bulycheva IV |title=[Chondromas (enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, enchondromatosis)] |language=Russian |journal=Arkh. Patol. |volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=45–8 |date=2007 |pmid=18074822 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid76505">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chung EB, Enzinger FM |title=Chondroma of soft parts |journal=Cancer |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=1414–24 |date=April 1978 |pmid=76505 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
==Microscopic Pathology==
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of chondroma are as followings:<ref name="pmid27233920">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uhl M, Herget G, Kurz P |title=[Cartilage tumors : Pathology and radiomorphology] |language=German |journal=Radiologe |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=476–88 |date=June 2016 |pmid=27233920 |doi=10.1007/s00117-016-0112-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8229872">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blum MR, Danford M, Speight PM |title=Soft tissue chondroma of the cheek |journal=J. Oral Pathol. Med. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=334–6 |date=August 1993 |pmid=8229872 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Cytologically [[Benign|benign cells]] in spaced nests
**Not extending into surrounding [[soft tissue]]
**[[Avascular]], [[fibrous]] lobules of [[hyaline cartilage]]nous matrix
**Interspersed with [[chondrocyte]]s and separated by normal [[Bone marrow|marrow]]
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{{#ev:youtube|FLqr7Ld5-qc}}


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Latest revision as of 20:24, 24 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan A. Bhimani, M.B.B.S., D.N.B., M.Ch.[2] Farima Kahe M.D. [3], Soujanya Thummathati, MBBS [4]

Overview

Enchondromas arise from rests of growth plate cartilage or chondrocytes that are normally involved in the production and maintenance of the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. Genes involved in the pathogenesis of enchondromas and periosteal chondromas include isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) . On gross pathology, small (usually less than 3 cm), translucent, grey blue, nodular lesions with occasional calcifications are characteristic findings of chondromas. Enchondromas may be single or multiple. Multiple enchondromas are associated Maffucci syndrome, Ollier disease and metachondromatosis.

Pathogenesis

Genetics

Associated conditions

Enchondromas may be single or multiple. Multiple enchondromas are associated with the following:[5][6][7]

Associated disease Findings Occurance

Maffucci syndrome

Multiple enchondromas
Multiple hemangiomas
Lymphangiomas

Sporadic

Ollier disease

Multiple enchondromas
Asymmetric dwarfism

Sporadic

Metachondromatosis

Multiple osteochondromas
Multiple enchondromas

Genetic (Autosomal dominant)

Gross Pathology

Microscopic Pathology

{{#ev:youtube|FLqr7Ld5-qc}}

References

  1. ↑ Dal Cin P, Qi H, Sciot R, Van den Berghe H (February 1997). "Involvement of chromosomes 6 and 11 in a soft tissue chondroma". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 93 (2): 177–8. PMID 9078305.
  2. ↑ Geng S, Zhang J, Zhang LW, Wu Z, Jia G, Xiao X, Hao S (July 2014). "Diagnosis and microsurgical treatment of chondromas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base". Oncol Lett. 8 (1): 301–304. doi:10.3892/ol.2014.2072. PMC 4063631. PMID 24959265.
  3. ↑ Lewis MM, Kenan S, Yabut SM, Norman A, Steiner G (July 1990). "Periosteal chondroma. A report of ten cases and review of the literature". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (256): 185–92. PMID 2194723.
  4. ↑ Sandberg AA (July 2004). "Genetics of chondrosarcoma and related tumors". Curr Opin Oncol. 16 (4): 342–54. PMID 15187889.
  5. ↑ Prokopchuk O, Andres S, Becker K, Holzapfel K, Hartmann D, Friess H (February 2016). "Maffucci syndrome and neoplasms: a case report and review of the literature". BMC Res Notes. 9: 126. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1913-x. PMC 4769492. PMID 26920730.
  6. ↑ Mavrogenis AF, Skarpidi E, Papakonstantinou O, Papagelopoulos PJ (June 2010). "Chondrosarcoma in metachondromatosis: a case report". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 92 (6): 1507–13. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00693. PMID 20516327.
  7. ↑ Watanabe F, Saiki T, Ochochi Y (2012). "Extraskeletal chondroma of the preauricular region: a case report and literature review". Case Rep Med. 2012: 121743. doi:10.1155/2012/121743. PMC 3400396. PMID 22844293.
  8. ↑ Semenova LA, Bulycheva IV (2007). "[Chondromas (enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, enchondromatosis)]". Arkh. Patol. (in Russian). 69 (5): 45–8. PMID 18074822.
  9. ↑ Chung EB, Enzinger FM (April 1978). "Chondroma of soft parts". Cancer. 41 (4): 1414–24. PMID 76505.
  10. ↑ Uhl M, Herget G, Kurz P (June 2016). "[Cartilage tumors : Pathology and radiomorphology]". Radiologe (in German). 56 (6): 476–88. doi:10.1007/s00117-016-0112-z. PMID 27233920.
  11. ↑ Blum MR, Danford M, Speight PM (August 1993). "Soft tissue chondroma of the cheek". J. Oral Pathol. Med. 22 (7): 334–6. PMID 8229872.


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