Bronchiolitis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(34 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Bronchiolitis}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Bronchiolitis]]
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{AEL}}
 
==Overview==
[[Bronchiolitis]] must be differentiated from other [[respiratory]] and [[cardiac]] diseases that present with similar clinical manifestations of [[cough]] and [[dyspnea]]. Bronchiolitis should be differentiated from [[asthma]], [[COPD]], [[pneumonia]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[diffuse]] [[idiopathic]] [[neuroendocrine]] [[Hyperplasia|cell hyperplasia]], [[tuberculosis]], [[pertussis]], [[foreign body aspiration]], [[pulmonary embolism]], and [[Interstitial Pneumonia|Harman-Rich syndrome]].
 
==Differentiating bronchiolitis from other diseases==
[[Bronchiolitis]] must be differentiated from other respiratory and cardiac diseases that can cause the similar clinical manifestations like [[cough]] and [[dyspnea]]. The differentials include the follwoing:<ref name="pmid27180590">{{cite journal| author=Liu WY, Yu Q, Yue HM, Zhang JB, Li L, Wang XY et al.| title=[The distribution characteristics of etiology of chronic cough in Lanzhou]. | journal=Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi | year= 2016 | volume= 39 | issue= 5 | pages= 362-7 | pmid=27180590 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.05.006 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27180590  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28452705">{{cite journal| author=Lin L, Chen Z, Cao Y, Sun G| title=Normal saline solution nasal-pharyngeal irrigation improves chronic cough associated with allergic rhinitis. | journal=Am J Rhinol Allergy | year= 2017 | volume= 31 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-104 | pmid=28452705 | doi=10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4418 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28452705  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28454456">{{cite journal| author=Jiang S, Li J, Zeng Q, Liang J| title=Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma misdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism: A case report. | journal=Oncol Lett | year= 2017 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 2713-2716 | pmid=28454456 | doi=10.3892/ol.2017.5775 | pmc=5403205 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28454456  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26169577">{{cite journal| author=Mosley JD, Shaffer CM, Van Driest SL, Weeke PE, Wells QS, Karnes JH et al.| title=A genome-wide association study identifies variants in KCNIP4 associated with ACE inhibitor-induced cough. | journal=Pharmacogenomics J | year= 2016 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 231-7 | pmid=26169577 | doi=10.1038/tpj.2015.51 | pmc=4713364 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26169577  }} </ref><ref name="cdc">Environmental Triggers of Asthma. Differential Diagnosis of Asthma. Environmental Health and Medicine Education. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=32&po=5. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diseases
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Symptoms
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Signs
! colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Diagosis
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Chest pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cough
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Wheeze
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Crackles
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tachycardia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Lab tests
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Imaging
|-
|[[Bronchiolitis]]
| +/-
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|Dry
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| +
| +/-
|
* [[ELISA]] and [[immunoassays]] may be done in case of [[RSV]] [[infection]]
* [[Pulmonary function test]] to exclude other [[lung diseases]]<ref name="pmid18339530">{{cite journal| author=Ghanei M, Tazelaar HD, Chilosi M, Harandi AA, Peyman M, Akbari HM et al.| title=An international collaborative pathologic study of surgical lung biopsies from mustard gas-exposed patients. | journal=Respir Med | year= 2008 | volume= 102 | issue= 6 | pages= 825-30 | pmid=18339530 | doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.016 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18339530 }} </ref>
|
* [[CT scan]] shows:
** Intense [[Bronchiolar epithelium|bronchiolar]] mural [[inflammation]] 
** [[Bronchial]] wall thickening
** Centrilobular [[nodules]] with tree-in-bud pattern 
|-
|[[Asthma]]
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| -
|Dry/Productive
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| -
| -
|
* [[Pulmonary function tests]]        ([[PFTs|PFT]]) to exclude other [[Disease|diseases]]
 
* Serum examination shows elevated level of [[Eosinophil|eosinophils]] due to [[allergy]] 
|
* [[CT scan]] shows:
** Dilated [[bronchi]]
** [[Bronchial]] wall thickening
** Air trapping
|-
|[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]            ([[COPD]])
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|[[Productive cough|Productive]]
| +
| +
| +
|
* [[Spirometry]]: [[FEV1/FVC ratio|FEV1/FVC]] < 70%
 
* Arterial blood gases:
** [[Hypoxemia]]
** [[Hypercapnia]]
 
* [[Sputum culture]] 
|
* EKG may show:
** [[P pulmonale]]
** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]]
** Narrow [[QRS]]<ref name="pmid23653989">{{cite journal| author=Lazović B, Svenda MZ, Mazić S, Stajić Z, Delić M| title=Analysis of electrocardiogram in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. | journal=Med Pregl | year= 2013 | volume= 66 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 126-9 | pmid=23653989 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23653989  }} </ref>
* [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] is more [[Sensitivity (test)|sensitive]] in diagnosing [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] than X-ray 
|-
|[[Bacterial pneumonia]]
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| +
|[[Productive cough|Productive]]
| +
| +
| +/-
|
* Diagnosis depends on presentation and [[physical examination]]
* Laboratory tests
** [[Arterial blood gases]] may show [[hypoxia]] and [[acidosis]]
** [[Sputum culture]]
|
* [[Chest X-ray]] may show:
** [[Pleural effusion]]
** Inflitrates within the [[lungs]]
* [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] may show:
** [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]]
** [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground glass appearance]]
|-
|[[Pulmonary embolism]] ([[Pulmonary embolism|PE]])
| +/-
| +
|Bloody
| +
| +
| +
|
* Arterial blood gases may show:<ref name="pmid2491801">{{cite journal |author=Cvitanic O, Marino PL |title=Improved use of arterial blood gas analysis in suspected pulmonary embolism |journal=[[Chest]] |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=48–51 |year=1989 |month=January |pmid=2491801 |doi= |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2491801 |accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
**[[Hypoxemia]]
**[[Hypocapnia]]
**[[Respiratory alkalosis]]
**Increased alveolar-arterial gradient
*[[D-dimer diagnostic role in thromboembolism|D-dimer assay]] may show elevated levels of [[D-dimers]]
* [[Hypercoagulability]] tests for patients with:
** Unprovoked [[venous thrombosis]] at an early age (< 40 years)
** [[Family history]] of [[VTE]] syndromes
*Routine [[blood]] tests are non specific
|
* CT [[pulmonary angiography]] is the [[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]] imaging to diagnose [[pulmonary embolism]]. CT may show:
**Acute: Centrally located [[thrombus]] occluding the vessel
**Chronic: Eccentric changes in the [[vessel wall]], recanalization in the thrombous and arterial web
* [[EKG]] is neither [[Specificity (tests)|specific]] nor [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitive]] in diagnosing [[Pulmonary embolism|PE]] but it may show:
** [[T wave inversion]]
** [[P pulmonale]]
** [[Sinus tachycardia]]
* [[Chest X-ray]] to exclude other differentials
|-
|[[Diffuse]] [[idiopathic]] [[neuroendocrine]] [[Hyperplasia|cell hyperplasia]]<ref name="pmid21471097">{{cite journal| author=Nassar AA, Jaroszewski DE, Helmers RA, Colby TV, Patel BM, Mookadam F| title=Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: a systematic overview. | journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2011 | volume= 184 | issue= 1 | pages= 8-16 | pmid=21471097 | doi=10.1164/rccm.201010-1685PP | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21471097  }} </ref>
| -
| -
|Dry
| +
| -
| -
|
* [[Pulmonary function test]] shows obstructive lung disease (FEV1/FVC less than 0.7)
|
* [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] may show:
** Multiple [[nodules]]
** [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground glass]] appearance
** [[Bronchiectasis]]
|-
|[[Tuberculosis]]
| +
| +
|Bloody
| -
| -
| -
|
* Sputum culture:
** Three successive positive cultures for ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' confirm the diagnosis<ref name="pmid12614730">{{cite journal |author=Drobniewski F, Caws M, Gibson A, Young D |title=Modern laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=141-7 |year=2003 |id=PMID 12614730}}</ref>
** Presence of [[Acid-fast|acid fast]] bacilli in [[sputum]] smear indicates tuberculosis
|
* Chest X-ray is an important diagnostic imaging procedure in TB diagnosis. X-ray may show:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Riccardo Piccazzo]], [[Francesco Paparo]] & [[Giacomo Garlaschi]]
| title = Diagnostic accuracy of chest radiography for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and its role in the detection of latent TB infection: a systematic review
| journal = [[The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement]]
| volume = 91
| pages = 32–40
| year = 2014
| month = May
| doi = 10.3899/jrheum.140100
| pmid = 24788998
}}</ref>
** Parenchymal infilration
** Hilar [[adenopathy]]
**[[Nodules]]
**[[Pleural effusion (patient information)|Pleural effusion]]
 
* CT scan may show:<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Jeong Min Ko]], [[Hyun Jin Park]] & [[Chi Hong Kim]]
| title = Pulmonary Changes of Pleural Tuberculosis: Up-to-Date CT Imaging
| journal = [[Chest]]
| year = 2014
| month = June
| doi = 10.1378/chest.14-0196
  | pmid = 25086249
}}</ref>
** Micronodules
** [[Cavitation]]
** [[Consolidation (medicine)|Consolidation]]
**Interlobular septal thickening
*[[EKG]] may show abnormalities in the case of [[pleural effusion]] associated with [[Tuberculosis|TB]]. These abnormalities include:
**[[Low QRS voltage]] 
**[[Electrical alternans]]
 
|-
|[[Hamman-Rich syndrome|Interstitial pneumonitis]]      ([[Hamman-Rich syndrome|Hamman - Rich syndrome]])
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| -
|Productive
| -
| +
| -
|
* [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]] may show:
** [[Hypoxemia]]
** [[PaO2]]/[[FiO2]] less than 200 mmHg indicating [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
* Other lab tests are done to exclude other diseases
|
* [[Chest X-ray]] may show:
** Bilateral opacification
* [[CT scan]] may show
** [[Ground glass opacification on CT|Ground glass]] appearance
* [[Bronchoscopy]] to exclude other causes such as:
** [[Alveolar]] [[hemorrhage]]
** [[Lymphoma]]
* [[Lung]] [[biopsy]] is done:
** In unclear cases; to confirm [[Interstitial pneumonitis|acute interstitial pneumonitis]]
** Exclude other causes of [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|ARDS]]
|-
|[[Foreign body aspiration]]
| +
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|Bloody
| +
| -
| -
|
* Lab tests to evaluate the [[ventilation]] function
|
* [[Chest X-ray]] shows:
** Hyperinflation
** [[Mediastinal]] shift  
** [[Atelectasis]]
|-
|[[Pertussis]]
| +
|
|Dry
| -
| -
| -
|
* [[Nasopharyngeal]] swab for [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR testing]]
* [[Sputum culture]]
* Serology to detect [[pertussis toxin]]<ref name="CDC4">[http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/diagnostic-testing/diagnosis-confirmation.html Pertussis (whooping coug). Diagnosis confirmation. CDC.gov. Accessed on June 22, 2017]</ref>
|
* No remarkable imaging findings
|-
|[[Congestive heart failure]]
| -
|<nowiki>+ while walking </nowiki>
|Dry/Productive
| -
| -
| +
|
*Routine lab tests to identify the cause of the [[heart failure]]:
**[[Renal function tests]] including [[urinalysis]] and [[Electrolyte|electrolytes]]
**[[Complete blood count]]
**[[Thyroid]] studies in patients being treated with concomitant therapy such as [[amiodarone]]
*Biomarkers:
**[[BNP]] or [[NT-proBNP]]<ref name="pmid23747642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL |title=2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=62 |issue=16 |pages=e147–239 |year=2013 |pmid=23747642 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019 |url=}}</ref>
**[[Cardiac]] [[troponin T]] or [[Troponin I|I]]
**[[CA125|Carbohydrate Antigen 125]]<ref name="pmid27810078">{{cite journal| author=D'Aloia A, Vizzardi E, Metra M| title=Can Carbohydrate Antigen-125 Be a New Biomarker to Guide Heart Failure Treatment?: The CHANCE-HF Trial. | journal=JACC Heart Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 4 | issue= 11 | pages= 844-846 | pmid=27810078 | doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27810078 }} </ref>
|
* [[EKG]] to detect underlying cause
* [[Chest X-ray]] shows [[cardiomegaly]]
* [[Echocardiography]] is done:
** To determine [[stroke volume]]
** To assess type of [[heart failure]]<ref name="pmid19700135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, Georgiopoulou VV, Giamouzis G, Anarado P, Mangalat D, Hussain I, Book W, Laskar S, Smith AL, Martin R, Butler J |title=Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers |journal=J. Card. Fail. |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=586–92 |year=2009 |pmid=19700135 |doi=10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002 |url=}}</ref>
|}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


==References==
==References==


{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Inflammations]]
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:43, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other respiratory and cardiac diseases that present with similar clinical manifestations of cough and dyspnea. Bronchiolitis should be differentiated from asthma, COPD, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, tuberculosis, pertussis, foreign body aspiration, pulmonary embolism, and Harman-Rich syndrome.

Differentiating bronchiolitis from other diseases

Bronchiolitis must be differentiated from other respiratory and cardiac diseases that can cause the similar clinical manifestations like cough and dyspnea. The differentials include the follwoing:[1][2][3][4][5]

Diseases Symptoms Signs Diagosis
Fever Chest pain Cough Wheeze Crackles Tachycardia Lab tests Imaging
Bronchiolitis +/- - Dry + + +/-
Asthma - - Dry/Productive + - -
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) + - Productive + + +
Bacterial pneumonia + + Productive + + +/-
Pulmonary embolism (PE) +/- + Bloody + + +
Diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia[9] - - Dry + - -
Tuberculosis + + Bloody - - -
Interstitial pneumonitis (Hamman - Rich syndrome) + - Productive - + -
Foreign body aspiration + + Bloody + - -
Pertussis + Dry - - -
  • No remarkable imaging findings
Congestive heart failure - + while walking Dry/Productive - - +

References

  1. ↑ Liu WY, Yu Q, Yue HM, Zhang JB, Li L, Wang XY; et al. (2016). "[The distribution characteristics of etiology of chronic cough in Lanzhou]". Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 39 (5): 362–7. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2016.05.006. PMID 27180590.
  2. ↑ Lin L, Chen Z, Cao Y, Sun G (2017). "Normal saline solution nasal-pharyngeal irrigation improves chronic cough associated with allergic rhinitis". Am J Rhinol Allergy. 31 (2): 96–104. doi:10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4418. PMID 28452705.
  3. ↑ Jiang S, Li J, Zeng Q, Liang J (2017). "Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma misdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism: A case report". Oncol Lett. 13 (4): 2713–2716. doi:10.3892/ol.2017.5775. PMC 5403205. PMID 28454456.
  4. ↑ Mosley JD, Shaffer CM, Van Driest SL, Weeke PE, Wells QS, Karnes JH; et al. (2016). "A genome-wide association study identifies variants in KCNIP4 associated with ACE inhibitor-induced cough". Pharmacogenomics J. 16 (3): 231–7. doi:10.1038/tpj.2015.51. PMC 4713364. PMID 26169577.
  5. ↑ Environmental Triggers of Asthma. Differential Diagnosis of Asthma. Environmental Health and Medicine Education. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=32&po=5. Accessed on February 25, 2016
  6. ↑ Ghanei M, Tazelaar HD, Chilosi M, Harandi AA, Peyman M, Akbari HM; et al. (2008). "An international collaborative pathologic study of surgical lung biopsies from mustard gas-exposed patients". Respir Med. 102 (6): 825–30. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.01.016. PMID 18339530.
  7. ↑ Lazović B, Svenda MZ, Mazić S, Stajić Z, Delić M (2013). "Analysis of electrocardiogram in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients". Med Pregl. 66 (3–4): 126–9. PMID 23653989.
  8. ↑ Cvitanic O, Marino PL (1989). "Improved use of arterial blood gas analysis in suspected pulmonary embolism". Chest. 95 (1): 48–51. PMID 2491801. Retrieved 2012-04-30. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Nassar AA, Jaroszewski DE, Helmers RA, Colby TV, Patel BM, Mookadam F (2011). "Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: a systematic overview". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 184 (1): 8–16. doi:10.1164/rccm.201010-1685PP. PMID 21471097.
  10. ↑ Drobniewski F, Caws M, Gibson A, Young D (2003). "Modern laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis". Lancet Infect Dis. 3 (3): 141–7. PMID 12614730.
  11. ↑ Riccardo Piccazzo, Francesco Paparo & Giacomo Garlaschi (2014). "Diagnostic accuracy of chest radiography for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and its role in the detection of latent TB infection: a systematic review". The Journal of rheumatology. Supplement. 91: 32–40. doi:10.3899/jrheum.140100. PMID 24788998. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Jeong Min Ko, Hyun Jin Park & Chi Hong Kim (2014). "Pulmonary Changes of Pleural Tuberculosis: Up-to-Date CT Imaging". Chest. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0196. PMID 25086249. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Pertussis (whooping coug). Diagnosis confirmation. CDC.gov. Accessed on June 22, 2017
  14. ↑ Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 62 (16): e147–239. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019. PMID 23747642.
  15. ↑ D'Aloia A, Vizzardi E, Metra M (2016). "Can Carbohydrate Antigen-125 Be a New Biomarker to Guide Heart Failure Treatment?: The CHANCE-HF Trial". JACC Heart Fail. 4 (11): 844–846. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2016.09.001. PMID 27810078.
  16. ↑ Agha SA, Kalogeropoulos AP, Shih J, Georgiopoulou VV, Giamouzis G, Anarado P, Mangalat D, Hussain I, Book W, Laskar S, Smith AL, Martin R, Butler J (2009). "Echocardiography and risk prediction in advanced heart failure: incremental value over clinical markers". J. Card. Fail. 15 (7): 586–92. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.03.002. PMID 19700135.

References

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Bronchiolitis_differential_diagnosis&oldid=1635474"