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{{Breast cancer}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
Breast cancer may be one of the oldest known forms of cancer tumors in humans.
Breast cancer was first described in the Egyptian literature. In 1976, [[mammography]] became officially recommended by the [[American cancer society]] for [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] the [[breast]] [[Cancer|cance]]<nowiki/>r.
 
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
The oldest description of cancer (although the term cancer was not used) was discovered in Egypt and dates back to approximately 1600 BC. The Edwin Smith Papyrus describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by [[cauterization]].The writing says about the disease, "There is no treatment."<ref>{{cite web
===Discovery===
*The oldest evidence of [[Cancer (medicine)|cancer]] is discovered in the Egyptian literature and dates back to about 3000 BC. The textbook is called the 'Edwin Smith Papyrus' and describes 8 cases of [[Tumor|tumors]] of the [[breast]] which were removed by [[cauterization]] with a tool called the fire drill. The writing says about the [[disease]], “There is no treatment”.<ref>{{cite web
   | title = The History of Cancer
   | title = The History of Cancer
   | work = [[American Cancer Society]]
   | work = [[American Cancer Society]]
   | date = 2002-03-25
   | date = 2002-03-25
   | url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI
   | url = http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI
   | accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref> For centuries, physicians described similar cases in their practises, with the same sad conclusion. It wasn't until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could establish a link between breast cancer and the [[lymph nodes]] in the armpit. The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674-1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749-1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle. Their successful work was carried on by [[William Stewart Halsted]] who started performing [[radical mastectomy|mastectomies]] in 1882. He became known for his [[radical mastectomy|Halsted radical mastectomy]], a surgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970s.
   | accessdate = 2006-10-09 }}</ref>
 
*In the 18th century, a wide variety of [[Medicine|medical]] explanation was proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages.<ref name="Olson32">{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=32–33}}</ref><ref name="Aronowitz">{{cite book | author = Aronowitz, Robert A. | title = Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society | edition = | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | year = 2007 | origyear = | pages = 22–24 | isbn = 0-521-82249-1 | oclc = }}</ref>
Because of its visibility, breast cancer was the form of cancer most often described in ancient documents.<ref name=Olson9>{{cite book
*In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman correlated the fear of cancer causing the cancer, accounting for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.<ref name="Aronowitz" />
|last=Olson |first=James Stuart
|title=Bathsheba's breast: women, cancer & history
|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press
|location=Baltimore
|year=2002
|pages=9–13
|isbn=0-8018-6936-6
|ref=harv }}</ref>  Because autopsies were rare, cancers of the internal organs were essentially invisible to ancient medicine.  Breast cancer, however, could be felt through the skin, and in its advanced state often developed into [[fungating lesion]]s:  the tumor would become [[necrotic]] (die from the inside, causing the tumor to appear to break up) and [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulcerate]] through the skin, weeping fetid, dark fluid.<ref name=Olson9 />
 
Ancient medicine, from the time of the Greeks through the 17th century, was based on [[humoralism]], and thus believed that breast cancer was generally caused by imbalances in the fundamental fluids that controlled the body, especially an excess of [[black bile]].<ref name=Olson32>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=32–33}}</ref>  Alternatively, patients often saw it as [[divine punishment]].<ref name=Yalom>{{cite book
|author=Yalom, Marilyn
|title=A history of the breast
|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf
|location=New York
|year=1997
|page=234
|isbn=0-679-43459-3
|oclc= }}</ref>  In the 18th century, a wide variety of medical explanations were proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages, either internal or due to restrictive clothing.<ref name=Olson32 /><ref name=Aronowitz />  In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman said that fear of cancer caused cancer, and that this anxiety, learned by example from the mother, accounted for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.<ref name=Aronowitz />
 
Although breast cancer was known in ancient times, it was uncommon until the 19th century, when improvements in sanitation and control of deadly [[infectious disease]]s resulted in dramatic increases in lifespan.  Previously, most women had died too young to have developed breast cancer.<ref name=Aronowitz>{{cite book
|author=Aronowitz, Robert A.
|title=Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society
|edition=
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge, UK
|year=2007
|origyear=
|pages=22–24
|isbn=0-521-82249-1
|oclc= }}</ref>  Additionally, early and frequent childbearing and breastfeeding probably reduced the rate of breast cancer development in those women who did survive to middle age.<ref name=Aronowitz />
 
Because ancient medicine believed that the cause was systemic, rather than local, and because surgery carried a high mortality rate, the preferred treatments tended to be pharmacological rather than surgical.  Herbal and mineral preparations, especially involving the poison [[arsenic]], were relatively common.
 
Mastectomy for breast cancer was performed at least as early as AD 548, when it was proposed by the court physician [[Aetios of Amida]] to [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Theodora]].<ref name=Olson9 />  It was not until doctors achieved greater understanding of the circulatory system in the 17th century that they could link breast cancer's spread to the [[lymph nodes]] in the armpit. The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/029cancer.html |title=History of Breast Cancer |publisher=Random History |date=2008-02-27 |accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref>
 
Their successful work was carried on by [[William Stewart Halsted]] who started performing [[radical mastectomies]] in 1882, helped greatly by advances in general surgical technology, such as [[aseptic technique]] and [[anesthesia]]. The Halsted radical mastectomy often involved removing both breasts, associated lymph nodes, and the underlying chest muscles. This often led to long-term pain and disability, but was seen as necessary in order to prevent the cancer from recurring.<ref name=Olson102 /> Before the advent of the Halsted radical mastectomy, 20-year survival rates were only 10%; Halsted's surgery raised that rate to 50%.<ref name=Olson1>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|p=1}}</ref>  Extending Halsted's work, [[Jerome Urban]] promoted superradical mastectomies, taking even more tissue, until 1963, when the ten-year survival rates proved equal to the less-damaging radical mastectomy.<ref name=Olson102>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=102–6}}</ref>
 
Radical mastectomies remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s, but in Europe, breast-sparing procedures, often followed radiation therapy, were generally adopted in the 1950s.<ref name=Olson102 />  One reason for this striking difference in approach may be the structure of the medical professions:  European surgeons, descended from the [[barber surgeon]], were held in less esteem than [[physicians]]; in America, the surgeon was the king of the medical profession.<ref name=Olson102 />  Additionally, there were far more European women surgeons:  Less than one percent of American surgical oncologists were female, but some European breast cancer wards boasted a medical staff that was half female.<ref name=Olson102 />  American health insurance companies also paid surgeons more to perform radical mastectomies than they did to perform more intricate breast-sparing surgeries.<ref name=Olson102 />
 
Breast cancer staging systems were developed in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name=Olson102 />


During the 1970s, a new understanding of [[metastasis]] led to perceiving cancer as a systemic illness as well as a localized one, and more sparing procedures were developed that proved equally effective. Modern [[chemotherapy]] developed after [[World War II]].<ref name=Lax>{{cite book
===Landmark events in the development of treatment strategies===
*Zacutus Lusitani (1575-1642) and Nicholas Tulp (1593-1674), from Holland, published their works in 1649, and 1652 respectively that concluded that breast cancer was contagious based on their observation of the tumor running in the members of the same household.<ref name="landmark">The History of Cancer. American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index?sitearea=CRI Accessed on January 23, 2016</ref>
*The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/029cancer.html |title=History of Breast Cancer |publisher=Random History |date=27 February 2008 |accessdate=8 May 2010}}</ref>
*In 1700s, John Hunter, the Scottish surgeon suggested that tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.<ref name="landmark">The History of Cancer. American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index?sitearea=CRI Accessed on January 23, 2016</ref>
*In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian physician, reported the relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns. This observation made it a clear association between breast cancer and role of hormones.
*In 1719, Lorenz Heister, a German surgeon wrote about his ideas for [[mastectomy]] and [[lumpectomy]] in his book, Chirurgie.
*In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni of Padua became the first to perform an [[autopsy]] to relate the illness to the pathology of the disease.
*The Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) suggested that the tumor could be removed if it had not invaded nearby tissue and was 'moveable'.
*In 1882, William Stewart Halsted, professor of surgery at [[Johns Hopkins University]], came up with the [[radical mastectomy]] procedure.
*In 1896, Thomas Beatson, a graduate from the [[University of Edinburgh]], described the relationship between [[oophorectomy]] and breast cancer, which laid down the foundation of the hormonal therapy for the breast cancer.
*In 19th century, Rudolf Virchow became the first to correlate the illness to microscopic pathology.
*In 1920's, breast cancer staging systems were developed.<ref name="Olson102">{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=102–6}}</ref>
*The first [[case-control]] study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by [[Janet Lane-Claypon]], who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.<ref name="isbn3-7643-6818-7">{{Cite book| author = Alfredo Morabia | title = A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts | publisher = Birkhauser | location = Boston | year = 2004 | pages = 301–302 | isbn = 3-7643-6818-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA301 | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
*In the late 1960s, modern [[mammography]] methods were developed.<ref name="landmark">The History of Cancer. American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index?sitearea=CRI Accessed on January 23, 2016</ref>
*Radical mastectomy remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s.
*In the 1970s, modern clinical trials demonstrated that less extensive surgery is equally effective for most women with breast cancer.
*In 1976, mammography became officially recommended by the [[American cancer society]] for screening the breast cancer.
*In the 1990s, [[''BRCA1'']] and [[''BRCA2'']] genes were associated with development of breast cancer.
*During the final decades of the 20th century, techniques were developed to minimizing the amount of normal tissue removed along with the tumor.
*Modern [[chemotherapy]] developed after [[World War II]].<ref name="Lax">{{cite book
|author=Marc Lacroix
|author=Marc Lacroix
|title=A Concise History of Breast Cancer
|title=A Concise History of Breast Cancer
Line 65: Line 46:
|isbn=978-1-61122-305-7
|isbn=978-1-61122-305-7
|oclc= }}</ref>
|oclc= }}</ref>
 
*In late 1990s, first therapeutic [[monoclonal antibodies]], [[trastuzumab]] ([[Herceptin]]) was approved for breast cancer.
The French surgeon [[Bernard Peyrilhe]] (1737–1804) realized the first experimental transmission of cancer by injecting extracts of breast cancer into an animal.
*The 1995 reports from the [[Nurses' Health Study]] and the 2002 conclusions of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] trial conclusively proved that [[hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]] significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.<ref name="Sulik">{{cite book
 
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
Prominent women who died of breast cancer include [[Anne of Austria]], the mother of Louis XIV of France; [[Mary Ball Washington|Mary Washington]], mother of George, and [[Rachel Carson]], the environmentalist.<ref>{{harvnb|Olson|2002|pp=26,28,229}}</ref>
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
 
|publisher=Oxford University Press
The first [[case-control]]led study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by [[Janet Lane-Claypon]], who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.<ref name="isbn3-7643-6818-7">{{Cite book| author = Alfredo Morabia | title = A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts | publisher = Birkhauser | location = Boston | year = 2004 | pages = 301–302 | isbn = 3-7643-6818-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=E-OZbEmPSTkC&pg=PA301 | accessdate = 2007-12-31}}</ref>
|location=USA
 
|year=2010
In the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of women who had successfully completed standard treatment then demanded and received high-dose [[bone marrow transplant]]s, thinking this would lead to better long-term survival.  However, it proved completely ineffective, and 15–20% of women died because of the brutal treatment.<ref name=Sulik>{{cite book
|pages=200–3
|ref=harv
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
==Cultural Reference==
*During 1930's and 1940's, The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer, now known as [[American Cancer Society]] was the first organized breast cancer campaign.<ref name="Sulik">{{cite book
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=USA
|year=2010
|pages=200–3
|ref=harv
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
*In 1952, the first peer-to-peer [[support group]], called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.<ref name="Sulik">{{cite book
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
|first=Gayle A. |last=Sulik
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
Line 82: Line 78:
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
 
*In the fall of 1991, first known use of a pink ribbon in connection with breast cancer awareness was held, when the [[Susan G. Komen Foundation]] handed out pink [[Ribbon (award)|ribbons]] to participants in its New York City race for breast [[cancer survivor]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/Pages/PrettyInPink.html |title=Pretty in Pink |publisher=Thinkbeforeyoupink.org |date=July 1998 |accessdate=2009-06-02 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071218231238/http://thinkbeforeyoupink.org/Pages/PrettyInPink.html |archivedate = 18 December 2007}}</ref>
The 1995 reports from the [[Nurses' Health Study]] and the 2002 conclusions of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] trial conclusively proved that [[Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)|hormone replacement therapy]] significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.<ref name=Sulik />
*In 1992, the pink ribbon was adopted as the official symbol of [[National Breast Cancer Awareness Month]].<ref name="Sulik47">{{cite book
 
|author=Gayle A. Sulik
==Cultural References==
|title=Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
[[Image:Pink ribbon.svg| 80px | right]]
|publisher=Oxford University Press
In the month of October, breast cancer is recognized by survivors, family and friends of survivors and/or victims of the disease. A pink ribbon is worn to recognize the struggle that sufferers face when battling the cancer.
|location=USA
 
|year=2010
Pink for October is an initiative started by Matthew Oliphant, which asks that any sites willing to help make people aware of breast cancer, change their template or layout to include the color pink, so that when visitors view the site, they see that the majority of the site is pink. Then after reading a short amount of information about breast cancer, or being redirected to another site, they are aware of the disease itself.
|pages=47–48
 
|quote=
The patron saint of breast cancer is Saint Agatha of Sicily.
|isbn=0-19-974045-3
 
|oclc= 535493589 }}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Breast]]
[[Category:Hereditary cancers]]
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Latest revision as of 13:43, 22 July 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mirdula Sharma, MBBS [2] Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[3]


Overview

Breast cancer was first described in the Egyptian literature. In 1976, mammography became officially recommended by the American cancer society for screening the breast cancer.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • The oldest evidence of cancer is discovered in the Egyptian literature and dates back to about 3000 BC. The textbook is called the 'Edwin Smith Papyrus' and describes 8 cases of tumors of the breast which were removed by cauterization with a tool called the fire drill. The writing says about the disease, “There is no treatment”.[1]
  • In the 18th century, a wide variety of medical explanation was proposed, including a lack of sexual activity, too much sexual activity, physical injuries to the breast, curdled breast milk, and various forms of lymphatic blockages.[2][3]
  • In the 19th century, the Scottish surgeon John Rodman correlated the fear of cancer causing the cancer, accounting for breast cancer's tendency to run in families.[3]

Landmark events in the development of treatment strategies

  • Zacutus Lusitani (1575-1642) and Nicholas Tulp (1593-1674), from Holland, published their works in 1649, and 1652 respectively that concluded that breast cancer was contagious based on their observation of the tumor running in the members of the same household.[4]
  • The French surgeon Jean Louis Petit (1674–1750) and later the Scottish surgeon Benjamin Bell (1749–1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and underlying chest muscle.[5]
  • In 1700s, John Hunter, the Scottish surgeon suggested that tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.[4]
  • In 1713, Bernardino Ramazzini, an Italian physician, reported the relatively high incidence of breast cancer in nuns. This observation made it a clear association between breast cancer and role of hormones.
  • In 1719, Lorenz Heister, a German surgeon wrote about his ideas for mastectomy and lumpectomy in his book, Chirurgie.
  • In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni of Padua became the first to perform an autopsy to relate the illness to the pathology of the disease.
  • The Scottish surgeon John Hunter (1728-1793) suggested that the tumor could be removed if it had not invaded nearby tissue and was 'moveable'.
  • In 1882, William Stewart Halsted, professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University, came up with the radical mastectomy procedure.
  • In 1896, Thomas Beatson, a graduate from the University of Edinburgh, described the relationship between oophorectomy and breast cancer, which laid down the foundation of the hormonal therapy for the breast cancer.
  • In 19th century, Rudolf Virchow became the first to correlate the illness to microscopic pathology.
  • In 1920's, breast cancer staging systems were developed.[6]
  • The first case-control study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.[7]
  • In the late 1960s, modern mammography methods were developed.[4]
  • Radical mastectomy remained the standard of care in America until the 1970s.
  • In the 1970s, modern clinical trials demonstrated that less extensive surgery is equally effective for most women with breast cancer.
  • In 1976, mammography became officially recommended by the American cancer society for screening the breast cancer.
  • In the 1990s, ''BRCA1'' and ''BRCA2'' genes were associated with development of breast cancer.
  • During the final decades of the 20th century, techniques were developed to minimizing the amount of normal tissue removed along with the tumor.
  • Modern chemotherapy developed after World War II.[8]
  • In late 1990s, first therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab (Herceptin) was approved for breast cancer.
  • The 1995 reports from the Nurses' Health Study and the 2002 conclusions of the Women's Health Initiative trial conclusively proved that hormone replacement therapy significantly increased the incidence of breast cancer.[9]

Cultural Reference

  • During 1930's and 1940's, The "Women's Field Army", run by the American Society for the Control of Cancer, now known as American Cancer Society was the first organized breast cancer campaign.[9]
  • In 1952, the first peer-to-peer support group, called "Reach to Recovery", began providing post-mastectomy, in-hospital visits from women who had survived breast cancer.[9]
  • In the fall of 1991, first known use of a pink ribbon in connection with breast cancer awareness was held, when the Susan G. Komen Foundation handed out pink ribbons to participants in its New York City race for breast cancer survivors.[10]
  • In 1992, the pink ribbon was adopted as the official symbol of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "The History of Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2002-03-25. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
  2. ↑ Olson 2002, pp. 32–33
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Aronowitz, Robert A. (2007). Unnatural history: breast cancer and American society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-521-82249-1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The History of Cancer. American Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index?sitearea=CRI Accessed on January 23, 2016
  5. ↑ "History of Breast Cancer". Random History. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  6. ↑ Olson 2002, pp. 102–6
  7. ↑ Alfredo Morabia (2004). A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Boston: Birkhauser. pp. 301–302. ISBN 3-7643-6818-7. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  8. ↑ Marc Lacroix (2011). A Concise History of Breast Cancer. USA: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 59–68. ISBN 978-1-61122-305-7.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sulik, Gayle A. (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 200–3. ISBN 0-19-974045-3. OCLC 535493589.
  10. ↑ "Pretty in Pink". Thinkbeforeyoupink.org. July 1998. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  11. ↑ Gayle A. Sulik (2010). Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-19-974045-3. OCLC 535493589.

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