Barrett's esophagus epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* [[Barrett's esophagus]] can be seen in younger [[patients]], but is most commonly diagnosed in [[patients]] ~ 55 years old.<ref name="pmid8705259">{{cite journal |author=Spechler SJ |title=Barrett's esophagus |journal=Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=51–60 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8705259 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9309403">{{cite journal| author=Hassall E| title=Columnar-lined esophagus in children. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 533-48 | pmid=9309403 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9309403  }} </ref>
* This can be seen on [[EGD]] (esophago-gastroduodenoscopy) in ~ 1 % of all [[patients]], but in up to 20 % of those with [[symptoms]] of [[GERD]] [[(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)]]. Although the [[diagnosis]] can be presumed during the [[EGD]], it needs to be confirmed by [[biopsy]].
* It is more common in caucasians, than blacks or Asians. The [[prevalence]] in hispanic [[population]] is unclear, some studies compare it to caucasian [[prevalence]] and other studies show a lower prevalence.<ref name="pmid18978173">{{cite journal |author=Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, ''et al.'' |title=Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006 |journal=Gut |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=182–8 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=18978173 |pmc=2671084 |doi=10.1136/gut.2008.163360 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9590419">{{cite journal |author=Bersentes K, Fass R, Padda S, Johnson C, Sampliner RE |title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Hispanics is similar to Caucasians |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1038–41 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9590419 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* It is an [[acquired]] [[condition]], seen in [[children]] but rarely in younger than [[age]] of five.<ref name="pmid9309403">{{cite journal |author=Hassall E |title=Columnar-lined esophagus in children |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=533–48 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9309403 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* More common in [[male]], with a [[male]] to [[female]] [[ratio]] of 1.96:1.<ref name="pmid16221805">{{cite journal |author=Cook MB, Wild CP, Forman D |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's esophagus, erosive reflux disease, and nonerosive reflux disease |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=162 |issue=11 |pages=1050–61 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16221http://wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Barrett%27s_esophagus_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=edit&section=2805 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwi325 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26414697">{{cite journal| author=Ek WE, Lagergren K, Cook M, Wu AH, Abnet CC, Levine D et al.| title=Polymorphisms in genes in the androgen pathway and risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 1146-52 | pmid=26414697 | doi=10.1002/ijc.29863 | pmc=4715576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26414697  }} </ref>
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The [[incidence]] of [[Barrett's esophagus]] is approximately 400 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid2387291">{{cite journal| author=Verhaegen J, Glupczynski Y, Verbist L, Blogie M, Vandeven J, Yourassowsky E et al.| title=Capsular types and antibiotic sensitivity of pneumococci isolated from patients with serious infections in Belgium 1980 to 1988. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1990 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 390-5 | pmid=2387291 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2387291  }} </ref>
*The [[incidence]] of [[Barrett's esophagus]] is approximately 400 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.<ref name="pmid2387291">{{cite journal| author=Verhaegen J, Glupczynski Y, Verbist L, Blogie M, Vandeven J, Yourassowsky E et al.| title=Capsular types and antibiotic sensitivity of pneumococci isolated from patients with serious infections in Belgium 1980 to 1988. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1990 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 390-5 | pmid=2387291 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2387291  }} </ref>
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*The incidence of [[Barrett's esophagus]] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 55 years.<ref name="pmid8705259">{{cite journal |author=Spechler SJ |title=Barrett's esophagus |journal=Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=51–60 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8705259 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The incidence of [[Barrett's esophagus]] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 55 years.<ref name="pmid8705259">{{cite journal |author=Spechler SJ |title=Barrett's esophagus |journal=Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=51–60 |year=1996 |month=April |pmid=8705259 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] hardly affects individuals younger than 5 years of age.<ref name="pmid9309403">{{cite journal| author=Hassall E| title=Columnar-lined esophagus in children. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 533-48 | pmid=9309403 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9309403  }} </ref>
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] hardly affects individuals younger than 5 years of age.<ref name="pmid9309403">{{cite journal| author=Hassall E| title=Columnar-lined esophagus in children. | journal=Gastroenterol Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 533-48 | pmid=9309403 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9309403  }} </ref>
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] can be seen in younger [[patients]], but is most commonly diagnosed in [[patients]] ~ 55 years old.<ref name="pmid8705259" /><ref name="pmid9309403" />
*It is an [[acquired]] [[condition]], seen in [[children]] but rarely in younger than [[age]] of five.<ref name="pmid9309403" />


===Race===
===Race===
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] usually affects individuals of the Caucasians [[race]]. Blacks and Asians individuals are less likely to develop [[Barrett's esophagus]].
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] usually affects individuals of the Caucasians [[race]]. Blacks and Asians individuals are less likely to develop [[Barrett's esophagus]].<ref name="pmid9590419">{{cite journal |author=Bersentes K, Fass R, Padda S, Johnson C, Sampliner RE |title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Hispanics is similar to Caucasians |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1038–41 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9590419 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18978173">{{cite journal |author=Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, ''et al.'' |title=Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006 |journal=Gut |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=182–8 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=18978173 |pmc=2671084 |doi=10.1136/gut.2008.163360 |url=}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] in hispanic [[population]] is unclear, some studies compare it to caucasian [[prevalence]]<ref name="pmid9590419">{{cite journal |author=Bersentes K, Fass R, Padda S, Johnson C, Sampliner RE |title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Hispanics is similar to Caucasians |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1038–41 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9590419 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and other studies show a lower prevalence.<ref name="pmid18978173">{{cite journal |author=Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, ''et al.'' |title=Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006 |journal=Gut |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=182–8 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=18978173 |pmc=2671084 |doi=10.1136/gut.2008.163360 |url=}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] in hispanic [[population]] is unclear, some studies compare it to caucasian [[prevalence]] and other studies show a lower prevalence.<ref name="pmid18978173">{{cite journal |author=Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, ''et al.'' |title=Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006 |journal=Gut |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=182–8 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=18978173 |pmc=2671084 |doi=10.1136/gut.2008.163360 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9590419">{{cite journal |author=Bersentes K, Fass R, Padda S, Johnson C, Sampliner RE |title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Hispanics is similar to Caucasians |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=1038–41 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9590419 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Gender===
===Gender===
*[[Men]] are more commonly affected by [[Barrett's esophagus]] than [[female]]<ref name="pmid26414697">{{cite journal| author=Ek WE, Lagergren K, Cook M, Wu AH, Abnet CC, Levine D et al.| title=Polymorphisms in genes in the androgen pathway and risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 1146-52 | pmid=26414697 | doi=10.1002/ijc.29863 | pmc=4715576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26414697  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16405528">{{cite journal| author=Ward EM, Wolfsen HC, Achem SR, Loeb DS, Krishna M, Hemminger LL et al.| title=Barrett's esophagus is common in older men and women undergoing screening colonoscopy regardless of reflux symptoms. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-7 | pmid=16405528 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00379.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16405528  }} </ref>. The [[men]] to [[female]] [[ratio]] is approximately 1.96 to 1<ref name="pmid16221805">{{cite journal| author=Cook MB, Wild CP, Forman D| title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's esophagus, erosive reflux disease, and nonerosive reflux disease. | journal=Am J Epidemiol | year= 2005 | volume= 162 | issue= 11 | pages= 1050-61 | pmid=16221805 | doi=10.1093/aje/kwi325 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16221805  }} </ref>.
*[[Males]] are more commonly affected by [[Barrett's esophagus]] than [[females]].<ref name="pmid26414697">{{cite journal| author=Ek WE, Lagergren K, Cook M, Wu AH, Abnet CC, Levine D et al.| title=Polymorphisms in genes in the androgen pathway and risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 1146-52 | pmid=26414697 | doi=10.1002/ijc.29863 | pmc=4715576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26414697  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16405528">{{cite journal| author=Ward EM, Wolfsen HC, Achem SR, Loeb DS, Krishna M, Hemminger LL et al.| title=Barrett's esophagus is common in older men and women undergoing screening colonoscopy regardless of reflux symptoms | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2006 | volume= 101 | issue= 1 | pages= 12-7 | pmid=16405528 | doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00379.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16405528  }} </ref> The [[male]] to [[female]] [[ratio]] is approximately 1.96 to 1.<ref name="pmid16221805">{{cite journal |author=Cook MB, Wild CP, Forman D |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's esophagus, erosive reflux disease, and nonerosive reflux disease |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=162 |issue=11 |pages=1050–61 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16221http://wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Barrett%27s_esophagus_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=edit&section=2805 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwi325 |url=}}</ref>


===Region===
===Region===
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] is a common disease that tends to affect equally to people in both Asian countries as well as Western countries<ref name="pmid26260107">{{cite journal| author=Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, El-Serag HB| title=Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 11 | pages= 1907-18 | pmid=26260107 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050 | pmc=4615528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26260107  }} </ref>.
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] is a common disease that tends to affect equally to people in both Asian countries as well as Western countries.<ref name="pmid26260107">{{cite journal| author=Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, El-Serag HB| title=Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 11 | pages= 1907-18 | pmid=26260107 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050 | pmc=4615528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26260107  }} </ref>


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===


* In one of the study in Sweden, it is published that the estimated [[rate]] of [[Barrett's esophagus]] in the general [[population]] was around 1.6 percent<ref name="pmid16344051">{{cite journal| author=Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E et al.| title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2005 | volume= 129 | issue= 6 | pages= 1825-31 | pmid=16344051 | doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16344051  }} </ref>.
* In one of the study in Sweden, it is published that the estimated [[rate]] of [[Barrett's esophagus]] in the general [[population]] was around 1.6 percent.<ref name="pmid16344051">{{cite journal| author=Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E et al.| title=Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2005 | volume= 129 | issue= 6 | pages= 1825-31 | pmid=16344051 | doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16344051  }} </ref>
* Based on these data, the estimated [[prevalence]] rate of [[Barrett's esophagus]] in the [[United States]] [[population]], it would be around 3.3 million individuals<ref name="pmid16344076">{{cite journal| author=Sampliner RE| title=A population prevalence of Barrett's esophagus--finally. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2005 | volume= 129 | issue= 6 | pages= 2101-3 | pmid=16344076 | doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16344076  }} </ref>.
* Based on these data, the estimated [[prevalence]] rate of [[Barrett's esophagus]] in the [[United States]] [[population]], it would be around 3.3 million individuals.<ref name="pmid16344076">{{cite journal| author=Sampliner RE| title=A population prevalence of Barrett's esophagus--finally. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2005 | volume= 129 | issue= 6 | pages= 2101-3 | pmid=16344076 | doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16344076  }} </ref>


===Developing Countries===
===Developing Countries===
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] is very common in developing countries and it shares the same kind of risk factors and potential towards neoplastic process as compared to those seen in developed countries<ref name="pmid26260107">{{cite journal| author=Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, El-Serag HB| title=Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 11 | pages= 1907-18 | pmid=26260107 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050 | pmc=4615528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26260107  }} </ref>.
*[[Barrett's esophagus]] is very common in developing countries and it shares the same kind of risk factors and potential towards neoplastic process as compared to those seen in developed countries.<ref name="pmid26260107">{{cite journal| author=Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, El-Serag HB| title=Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 11 | pages= 1907-18 | pmid=26260107 | doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050 | pmc=4615528 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26260107  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 17:13, 21 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amresh Kumar MD [2]

Overview

Barrett's esophagus can be seen in younger patients, but is most commonly diagnosed in patients ~ 55 years old.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Prevalence

Age

Race

Gender

Region

  • Barrett's esophagus is a common disease that tends to affect equally to people in both Asian countries as well as Western countries.[10]

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

  • Barrett's esophagus is very common in developing countries and it shares the same kind of risk factors and potential towards neoplastic process as compared to those seen in developed countries.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Verhaegen J, Glupczynski Y, Verbist L, Blogie M, Vandeven J, Yourassowsky E; et al. (1990). "Capsular types and antibiotic sensitivity of pneumococci isolated from patients with serious infections in Belgium 1980 to 1988". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 9 (6): 390–5. PMID 2387291.
  2. ↑ Whiteman DC, Kendall BJ (2016). "Barrett's oesophagus: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management". Med J Aust. 205 (7): 317–24. PMID 27681974.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Spechler SJ (1996). "Barrett's esophagus". Semin. Gastrointest. Dis. 7 (2): 51–60. PMID 8705259. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hassall E (1997). "Columnar-lined esophagus in children". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 26 (3): 533–48. PMID 9309403.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bersentes K, Fass R, Padda S, Johnson C, Sampliner RE (1998). "Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Hispanics is similar to Caucasians". Dig. Dis. Sci. 43 (5): 1038–41. PMID 9590419. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR; et al. (2009). "Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006". Gut. 58 (2): 182–8. doi:10.1136/gut.2008.163360. PMC 2671084. PMID 18978173. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Ek WE, Lagergren K, Cook M, Wu AH, Abnet CC, Levine D; et al. (2016). "Polymorphisms in genes in the androgen pathway and risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma". Int J Cancer. 138 (5): 1146–52. doi:10.1002/ijc.29863. PMC 4715576. PMID 26414697.
  8. ↑ Ward EM, Wolfsen HC, Achem SR, Loeb DS, Krishna M, Hemminger LL; et al. (2006). "Barrett's esophagus is common in older men and women undergoing screening colonoscopy regardless of reflux symptoms". Am J Gastroenterol. 101 (1): 12–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00379.x. PMID 16405528.
  9. ↑ Cook MB, Wild CP, Forman D (2005). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's esophagus, erosive reflux disease, and nonerosive reflux disease". Am. J. Epidemiol. 162 (11): 1050–61. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi325. PMID 16221http://wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Barrett%27s_esophagus_epidemiology_and_demographics&action=edit&section=2805 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, El-Serag HB (2015). "Prevalence of Barrett's Esophagus in Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13 (11): 1907–18. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.050. PMC 4615528. PMID 26260107.
  11. ↑ Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E; et al. (2005). "Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study". Gastroenterology. 129 (6): 1825–31. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.053. PMID 16344051.
  12. ↑ Sampliner RE (2005). "A population prevalence of Barrett's esophagus--finally". Gastroenterology. 129 (6): 2101–3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.029. PMID 16344076.

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