Cardiac tamponade causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Cardiac tamponade is caused by the accumulation of a large or uncontrolled pericardial effusion. ^[1] The effusion can occur rapidly (as in the case of trauma or myocardial rupture), or over a more gradual period of time (as in cancer). The fluid involved is often blood, but pus is also found in some circumstances. ^[2] Common causes of increased pericardial effusion include hypothyroidism, trauma (either penetrating trauma involving the pericardium or blunt chest trauma), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium), iatrogenic trauma (during an invasive procedure), and ventricular rupture.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, aortic rupture, bacterial pericarditis, benign obstruction of thoracic duct, Cantu syndrome, capillary leak syndrome, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dressler's syndrome, hypersensitivity pericarditis with eosinophilia, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Kawasaki disease, myocardial rupture, heart surgery, fungal pericarditis, pyogenic pericarditis, rheumatic pericarditis, tuberculous pericarditis, uremic pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm, viral pericarditis
Chemical / poisoning	Asbestosis, silicosis
Dermatologic	Behcet syndrome^[3], Cantu syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia
Drug Side Effect	Anticoagulants, bleomycin, chemotherapy, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, hydralazine, isoniazid, minoxidil, penicillin, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, procainamide
Ear Nose Throat	Temporal arteritis^[4]
Endocrine	Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, myxedema
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute pancreatitis, cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's
Genetic	Cantu syndrome, congenital disorders of glycosylation, Gaucher disease, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic	Coagulopathy, leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic	Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, heart surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation, TAVI, thoracic surgery, valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, adenovirus, alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, borrelia, brucellosis, candida, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B Virus, cytomegalovirus, Ebstein-Barr virus, echinococcus, echovirus, entamoeba histolytica, escherichia coli, francisella, fungal pericarditis, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, histoplasmosis, influenza, klebsiella, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma pnuemonia, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococci, pneumonia, proteus, pseudomonas, pyogenic pericarditis, rheumatic fever, rickettsia, salmonella, scrub typhus, staphylococcus, streptococci, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculous pericarditis, tularemia, varicella, viral pericarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Cantu syndrome, hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	Malnutrition, congenital disorders of glycosylation
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Oncologic	Breast cancer, carcinoid, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, Sipple syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Bronchogenic cyst, lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Nephrotic syndrome, renal failure, uremic pericarditis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet syndrome, collagen vascular disease, Dressler's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatic pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Still's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, Wegener's
Sexual	Neisseria gonorrhoeae^[5], treponema pallidum
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal rupture, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation, pancreatic-pericardial fistula
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Hypoalbuminemia, idiopathic, radiation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886
↑ Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886
↑ Scarlett JA, Kistner ML, Yang LC (1979). "Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin". Am J Med. 66 (1): 146–8. PMID 420242.
↑ Garewal HS, Uhlmann RF, Bennett RM (1981). "Pericardial effusion in association with giant cell arteritis". West J Med. 134 (1): 71–2. PMC 1272467. PMID 7210667.
↑ Wilson J, Zaman AG, Simmons AV (1990). "Gonococcal arthritis complicated by acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion". Br Heart J. 63 (2): 134–5. PMC 1024342. PMID 2317408.

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[1] Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886

[2] Mattson Porth, C. (Ed.) (2005) (7th Ed.) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ISBN 978-0781749886

[pmid420242-3] Scarlett JA, Kistner ML, Yang LC (1979). "Behçet's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin". Am J Med. 66 (1): 146–8. PMID 420242.

[pmid7210667-4] Garewal HS, Uhlmann RF, Bennett RM (1981). "Pericardial effusion in association with giant cell arteritis". West J Med. 134 (1): 71–2. PMC 1272467. PMID 7210667.

[pmid2317408-5] Wilson J, Zaman AG, Simmons AV (1990). "Gonococcal arthritis complicated by acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion". Br Heart J. 63 (2): 134–5. PMC 1024342. PMID 2317408.

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