Pericardial effusion types
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, MD[2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3], Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S
Overview
Pericardial effusion can be classified according to the nature of pericardial fluid into transudative, exudative, hemorrhagic, and malignant. Further, it can be classified according to the underlying cause into idiopathic, infectious, neoplastic, and post-operative.
Classification
Pericardial effusion can be classified according to the pericardial fluid nature into:
- Transudative
- Exudative
- Hemorrhagic
- Malignant
- Metastasis (direct or seeding through pericardiocentesis)
Further, it can be categorized according to the underlying cause into:
- Idiopathic
- Infectious (Bacterial, Fungal, HIV, protozoal, parasitic)
- Neoplastic (Direct tumor extension, retrograde lymphatic extension, hematologic metastasis/seeding, and pericardiocentesis seeding)
- Post-operative (early chest tube removal after cardiac surgery).