COVID-19 vaccines: Difference between revisions
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<ref name="pmid34260834">{{cite journal| author=Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M | display-authors=etal| title=Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=34260834 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc2108829 | pmc=8314733 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34260834 }} </ref> | <ref name="pmid34260834">{{cite journal| author=Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M | display-authors=etal| title=Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=34260834 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc2108829 | pmc=8314733 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34260834 }} </ref> | ||
===AstraZeneca=== | ===AstraZeneca/Oxford - C=== | ||
It has been associated with vaccine induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis | It has been associated with vaccine induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis | ||
Efficacy against Delta variant is 67% after two doses, in comparison to 74,5% against the alpha variant.<ref name="pmid34289274">{{cite journal| author=Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S | display-authors=etal| title=Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= 385 | issue= 7 | pages= 585-594 | pmid=34289274 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2108891 | pmc=8314739 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34289274 }} </ref> | Efficacy against Delta variant is 67% after two doses, in comparison to 74,5% against the alpha variant.<ref name="pmid34289274">{{cite journal| author=Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S | display-authors=etal| title=Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2021 | volume= 385 | issue= 7 | pages= 585-594 | pmid=34289274 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2108891 | pmc=8314739 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=34289274 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 00:35, 15 August 2021
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COVID-19 Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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COVID-19 vaccines On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of COVID-19 vaccines |
For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here
For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: José Eduardo Riceto Loyola Junior, M.D.[2]
Overview
On December 11, 2020, the F.D.A. authorized Pfizer's vaccine for emergency use for the prevention of COVID-19. Since then, many other vaccines have been developed, such as the ones from Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sinovac, Sinopharm and Gamaleya. Efficacy, side effect and safety profiles vary dramatically between them, as they are produced using different mechanisms.
Vaccines
Pfizer/BioNtech Comirnaty BNT162b2
- Mechanism of action: mRNA-based; PEGylated lipid nanoparticles vector.
It was approved for emergency use in December 11, 2020. It has been shown to have an efficacy of 95% at preventing COVID-19 in persons 16 years of age or older.[1] Its protection against severe COVID-19 was shown to be of approximately 97%. New analysis showed that after six months its efficacy fell to 84%, which is not known if this is due to the vaccine and immune system themselves of if the emergence of variants are affecting the efficacy of the vaccine.
As for side effects, the vaccine has been reported to cause mostly mild symptoms such as myalgia, headaches and soreness in the location where it was applied. Allergic reactions have also been reported in a few patients, and they all recovered quickly after an epinephrine shot. It has been theorized that the allergic reactions were mediated by the PEGylated lipid nanoparticles in which the mRNA is stabilized. [2] It has also been reported to be associated with myocarditis and pericarditis, especially in young men, but the cases reported so far were mild and recovered.[3][4] Efficacy against the Delta variant is of about 88%, while against the alpha variant, in the same study, it was about 93.7%.[5]
- Dose regimen:
- Application of 2 doses, spaced by 21 days between shots.
- A third shot was recently recommended by the F.D.A. for immunocompromised patients.
Moderna
- Mechanism of action: mRNA-based The clinical trials produced by Moderna showed that its vaccine has an efficacy of 90% against symptomatic COVID-19 and 95% efficacy against severe disease after six months. Side-effects include: arthralgia, myalgia, fever, [[chills], headache, nausea or induration/pain at application site.[6]
Janssen
AstraZeneca/Oxford - C
It has been associated with vaccine induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis Efficacy against Delta variant is 67% after two doses, in comparison to 74,5% against the alpha variant.[5]
Covaxin
CoronaVac
Sputnik
References
- ↑ Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S; et al. (2020). "Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine". N Engl J Med. 383 (27): 2603–2615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. PMC 7745181 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33301246 Check|pmid=value (help). Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2021 Feb;174(2):JC15 - ↑ Kleine-Tebbe J, Klimek L, Hamelmann E, Pfaar O, Taube C, Wagenmann M; et al. (2021). "Severe allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine - statement and practical consequences". Allergol Select. 5: 26–28. doi:10.5414/ALX02215E. PMC 7787363 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 33426427 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Singh B, Kaur P, Cedeno L, Brahimi T, Patel P, Virk H; et al. (2021). "COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine and Myocarditis". Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 8 (7): 002681. doi:10.12890/2021_002681. PMC 8276934 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34268277 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Tano E, San Martin S, Girgis S, Martinez-Fernandez Y, Sanchez Vegas C (2021). "Perimyocarditis in Adolescents After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine". J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. doi:10.1093/jpids/piab060. PMC 8344528 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34319393 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S; et al. (2021). "Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant". N Engl J Med. 385 (7): 585–594. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2108891. PMC 8314739 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34289274 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Widge AT, Jackson LA, Roberts PC, Makhene M; et al. (2020). "Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults". N Engl J Med. 383 (25): 2427–2438. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028436. PMC 7556339 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32991794 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M; et al. (2021). "Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2108829. PMC 8314733 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34260834 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Jara A, Undurraga EA, González C, Paredes F, Fontecilla T, Jara G; et al. (2021). "Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107715. PMC 8279092 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34233097 Check|pmid=value (help).