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{{WikiDoc CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MLA}}
{| class="infobox" style="margin: 0 0 0 0; border: 0; float: right; width: 100px; background: #A8A8A8; position: fixed; top: 250px; right: 21px; border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0";
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! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 85%; background: #A8A8A8" align=center| {{fontcolor|#2B3B44|Dementia Resident Survival Guide Microchapters}}
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Overview|Overview]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Causes|Causes]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Diagnosis|Diagnosis]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Treatment|Treatment]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Do's|Do's]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Dementia resident survival guide#Don'ts|Don'ts]]
|}
 
{{WikiDoc CMG}}; {{AE}}[[User:MoisesRomo|Moises Romo, M.D.]]
 
'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''' dementia management, dementia workup, dementia approach, approach to dementia, dementia treatment''


==Overview==
==Overview==
This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the disease or symptom. The first sentence of the overview must contain the name of the disease.
'''[[Dementia]]''' is the progressive decline in [[cognitive function]] due to damage or disease in the [[brain]] beyond what might be expected from normal aging. It should be distinguished from [[delirium]] which involves an acute onset, and usually is reversible. [[Dementia]] may affect several [[cognitive]] areas, such as [[memory]], [[attention]], [[language]], and problem-solving. In advanced stages of the condition, affected persons may be [[Disorientation|disoriented]] in time, place, and/or in person. The diagnosis of [[dementia]] is primarily clinical and involves the ruling-out other conditions by imaging and [[Laboratory|laboratory tests]]. It is important to always screen for [[depression]], especially in older people, since this may be the underlying problem.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
There are no identified life-threatening causes in [[dementia]] that may lead to death within 24 hours since all conditions are chronic.  
* [[Life threatening cause 1]]
===Common Causes===
* [[Life threatening cause 2]]
* [[Life threatening cause 3]]


===Common Causes===
*[[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's Disease]]
* [[Common cause 1]]
*[[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]]
* [[Common cause 2]]
*[[Binswanger's disease|Binswanger's Disease]]
* [[Common cause 3]]
*[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]
* [[Common cause 4]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
* [[Common cause 5]]
*[[Vascular dementia]]
*[[Marijuana abuse]]
*[[HIV AIDS|AIDS]]
*[[Neurosyphilis]]
*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
*[[Vitamin B6 deficiency]]


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.
Shown below is an [[algorithm]] summarizing the diagnosis of [[amnesia]] according to the the American Academy of Neurology guidelines:<ref name="pmid24459411">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jahn H |title=Memory loss in Alzheimer's disease |journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=445–54 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24459411 |pmc=3898682 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
<br />{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}  
{{familytree | | | | A01 | | | A01= }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | |B01= Progressive decline in cognitive function with chronic onset }}
{{familytree | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | B01 | | | B01= }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 |-| B02 |-| B03 | | |B01= Severe [[disimpairment]] in [[social functioning]]?<br>Decline from previous levels of functioning and performance?<be>[[Symptoms]] are not explained by major [[psychiatric]] disorder?|B02= No |B03= [[Normal aging]]}}  
{{familytree | | |,|-|^|-|.| | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | C01 | | C02 | C01= | C02= }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | |B01= [[Dementia]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 |-| B02 |-| B03 |-| B04| | |B01= Measure [[vitamin B12]], and [[folate]], and [[TSH]] |B02= Abnormal?|B03= Yes|B04= [[Vitamin deficiency]], [[hypothyroidism]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 |-| B02 |-| B03 | | | |B01= Positive for SIGE CAPS questionary?|B02= Yes|B03= [[Depression]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | |B01= Take [[history]] and perform [[physical examination]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{familytree | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | | B04 | | | | B05 | B01= Initial [[short term memory]] loss
| B02= [[Vascular]] risk factors, imaging evidence
of [[cerebrovascular]] involvement
| B03= Young age, [[behavioral]] symptoms
or language impairment
| B04= [[Bradikinesia]] or features of [[parkinsonism]],
fluctuating [[cognition]], [[visual
hallucinations]]
| B05= [[Dementia]] occuring 1 year after onset
of [[Parkinson disease]]
|| }}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | |!| | }}
{{familytree | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | | B04 | | | | B05 | | B01= [[Alzheimer disease]]
| B02= [[Vascular dementia]]
| B03= [[Frontotemporal dementia]]
| B04= [[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]
| B05= [[Parkinson's disease]]| }}
{{familytree/end}}<br />


{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of <nowiki>[[disease name]]</nowiki> according the the [...] guidelines.
Treat the underlying cause:
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}
 
{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 |A01= }}
*To view the [[treatment]] of [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer disease]] [[Alzheimer's disease medical therapy|click here]].
{{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
*To view the [[treatment]] of [[vascular dementia]] [[Vascular dementia medical therapy|click here]].
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01= |B02= }}
*To view the [[treatment]] of [[frontotemporal dementia]] [[Frontotemporal dementia|click here]].
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
*To view the [[treatment]] of [[dementia with Lewy bodies]] [[Dementia with Lewy bodies|click here]].
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01= }}
*To view the [[treatment]] of [[Parkinson's disease]] [[Parkinson's disease medical therapy|click here]].
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
 
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01= |D02= |D03= }}
<br>
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| }}
General management of [[dementia]] for maintaining [[brain]] health according to the American Neurological Asociation is as follows:<ref name="pmid25815358">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cummings JL, Isaacson RS, Schmitt FA, Velting DM |title=A practical algorithm for managing Alzheimer's disease: what, when, and why? |journal=Ann Clin Transl Neurol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=307–23 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25815358 |doi=10.1002/acn3.166 |url=}}</ref>
{{familytree | E01 | | | | | | | E02 | | | E03 |E01= |E02= |E03= }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | F02 |F01= |F02= }}
{{familytree/end}}


{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Recommendations for maintaining brain health in elderly patients with and without AD
|-
|
*Consider following a [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean]]-style [[Mediterranean diet|diet]], with [[fish]], [[vegetables]], [[legumes]], [[fruit]], [[cereals]], unsaturated [[fatty acids]] (e.g., [[olive oil]]), and a limited amount of meat or dairy products.
*Consider taking supplements containing [[omega-3]] (particularly docosahexaenoic acid), B-complex vitamins (including [[B12]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], [[Folic Acid|folic acid]]), and [[vitamin E]].
*Keep [[alcohol]] intake to a low-to-moderate level (e.g., one glass of wine per day with dinner).
*Engage in regular [[physical activity]].
*Maintain leisure and social activities – keep socially engaged.
*Continue or take up activities that help to stimulate the [[brain]], e.g., Tai Chi, dancing, puzzles.
*Become educated about [[dementia]] and seek support from others with dementia, e.g., the [[Alzheimer's Association]], Keep Memory Alive, and other community groups.
*Include music in daily life – listening to music, playing an instrument, singing.
*Maintain regular [[sleep]] patterns.
*Manage [[stress]] – stop doing things if they are becoming too stressful (e.g., volunteer work, answering the telephone), keep to a regular daily schedule, and include [[Relaxation techniques|relaxing activities]] (e.g., playing with pets, [[massage]], and [[aromatherapy]]).
|-
|}
<br />
==Do's==
==Do's==
* The content in this section is in bullet points.
 
*Perform [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Laboratory laboratory testing] to exclude potentially reversible causes of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amnesia amnesia]. Initial tests should include a [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/CBC CBC], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxicology_screen urine toxicology], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thyroid_function_tests thyroid function], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Folate_deficiency folate], and [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Vitamin_B12 vitamin B12] level.
*When pereforming cognitive assesment, use tests such as [[MMSE]], Mini-cog, [[MoCA]], SIB-8, and AD8.<ref name="pmid1202204">{{cite journal |vauthors=Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR |title="Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician |journal=J Psychiatr Res |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=189–98 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1202204 |doi=10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14511167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M |title=The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1451–4 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14511167 |doi=10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51465.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15817019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H |title=The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment |journal=J Am Geriatr Soc |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=695–9 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15817019 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19571727">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmitt FA, Saxton JA, Xu Y, McRae T, Sun Y, Richardson S, Li H |title=A brief instrument to assess treatment response in the patient with advanced Alzheimer disease |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=377–83 |date=2009 |pmid=19571727 |doi=10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181ac9cc1 |url=}}</ref>
*When determining level of independence and level of disability, use test such as ADCS–ADL.<ref name="pmid195717272">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmitt FA, Saxton JA, Xu Y, McRae T, Sun Y, Richardson S, Li H |title=A brief instrument to assess treatment response in the patient with advanced Alzheimer disease |journal=Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=377–83 |date=2009 |pmid=19571727 |doi=10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181ac9cc1 |url=}}</ref>
*When determining the level of [[behavioral]] [[symptoms]], use the NPI-Q test.<ref name="pmid11001602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Ketchel P, Smith V, MacMillan A, Shelley T, Lopez OL, DeKosky ST |title=Validation of the NPI-Q, a brief clinical form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory |journal=J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=233–9 |date=2000 |pmid=11001602 |doi=10.1176/jnp.12.2.233 |url=}}</ref>
*Identify primary caregiver and assess his health, as well as the adequacy of family and other support systems.<ref name="pmid25815358" />
*Perform a [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/CT_scan non-contrasted CT scan] to diagnose [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Vascular_disease vascular disease], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus normal pressure hydrocephalus], [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tumors tumors], and [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Abscess abscess].<ref name="pmid11342678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, Small GW, Miller B, Stevens JC |title=Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1143–53 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11342678 |doi=10.1212/wnl.56.9.1143 |url=}}</ref>
*Perform a minimental status test on [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Physical_examination physical examination] and pay especial attention in [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Concentration concentration] domain. Minimental testing has the potential distinguish mild [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cognitive_impairment cognitive impairment] from [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Dementia dementia].<ref name="pmid11342677">{{cite journal |vauthors=Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, Tangalos EG, Cummings JL, DeKosky ST |title=Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology |journal=Neurology |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1133–42 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11342677 |doi=10.1212/wnl.56.9.1133 |url=}}</ref>
*Always have in mind [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Depression depression] as a possible cause of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amnesia memory impairmant]. [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Depression Depression] is common cause of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Amnesia amnesia]; a SIGE CAPS evaluation may disclose an underlying [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mood_disorder mood disorder].<ref name="pmid32356472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Squire LR, Zouzounis JA |title=Self-ratings of memory dysfunction: different findings in depression and amnesia |journal=J Clin Exp Neuropsychol |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=727–38 |date=December 1988 |pmid=3235647 |doi=10.1080/01688638808402810 |url=}}</ref>


==Don'ts==
==Don'ts==
* The content in this section is in bullet points.
 
*If [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Alcoholism alcoholism] and [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thiamine_deficiency thiamine deficiency] is suspected, do not administer [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glucose glucose] before [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thiamine thiamine]. Administration of [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glucose glucose] before [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Thiamine thiamine] may lead to [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Wernicke's_encephalopathy Wernicke encephalopathy].<ref name="HackHoffman1998">{{cite journal|last1=Hack|first1=Jason B.|last2=Hoffman|first2=Robert S.|title=Thiamine Before Glucose to Prevent Wernicke Encephalopathy: Examining the Conventional Wisdom|journal=JAMA|volume=279|issue=8|year=1998|pages=583|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.279.8.583a}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 13:11, 14 April 2021

Dementia Resident Survival Guide Microchapters
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Moises Romo, M.D.

Synonyms and Keywords: dementia management, dementia workup, dementia approach, approach to dementia, dementia treatment

Overview

Dementia is the progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from normal aging. It should be distinguished from delirium which involves an acute onset, and usually is reversible. Dementia may affect several cognitive areas, such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving. In advanced stages of the condition, affected persons may be disoriented in time, place, and/or in person. The diagnosis of dementia is primarily clinical and involves the ruling-out other conditions by imaging and laboratory tests. It is important to always screen for depression, especially in older people, since this may be the underlying problem.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

There are no identified life-threatening causes in dementia that may lead to death within 24 hours since all conditions are chronic.

Common Causes

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of amnesia according to the the American Academy of Neurology guidelines:[1]


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Progressive decline in cognitive function with chronic onset
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Severe disimpairment in social functioning?
Decline from previous levels of functioning and performance?<be>Symptoms are not explained by major psychiatric disorder?
 
No
 
Normal aging
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dementia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Measure vitamin B12, and folate, and TSH
 
Abnormal?
 
Yes
 
Vitamin deficiency, hypothyroidism
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Positive for SIGE CAPS questionary?
 
Yes
 
Depression
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Take history and perform physical examination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Initial short term memory loss
 
Vascular risk factors, imaging evidence of cerebrovascular involvement
 
Young age, behavioral symptoms or language impairment
 
 
Bradikinesia or features of parkinsonism,

fluctuating cognition, [[visual

hallucinations]]
 
 
 
Dementia occuring 1 year after onset of Parkinson disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Alzheimer disease
 
Vascular dementia
 
Frontotemporal dementia
 
 
Dementia with Lewy bodies
 
 
 
Parkinson's disease
 
 


Treatment

Treat the underlying cause:


General management of dementia for maintaining brain health according to the American Neurological Asociation is as follows:[2]

Recommendations for maintaining brain health in elderly patients with and without AD
  • Consider following a Mediterranean-style diet, with fish, vegetables, legumes, fruit, cereals, unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., olive oil), and a limited amount of meat or dairy products.
  • Consider taking supplements containing omega-3 (particularly docosahexaenoic acid), B-complex vitamins (including B12, B6, folic acid), and vitamin E.
  • Keep alcohol intake to a low-to-moderate level (e.g., one glass of wine per day with dinner).
  • Engage in regular physical activity.
  • Maintain leisure and social activities – keep socially engaged.
  • Continue or take up activities that help to stimulate the brain, e.g., Tai Chi, dancing, puzzles.
  • Become educated about dementia and seek support from others with dementia, e.g., the Alzheimer's Association, Keep Memory Alive, and other community groups.
  • Include music in daily life – listening to music, playing an instrument, singing.
  • Maintain regular sleep patterns.
  • Manage stress – stop doing things if they are becoming too stressful (e.g., volunteer work, answering the telephone), keep to a regular daily schedule, and include relaxing activities (e.g., playing with pets, massage, and aromatherapy).


Do's

Don'ts

References

  1. Jahn H (December 2013). "Memory loss in Alzheimer's disease". Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 15 (4): 445–54. PMC 3898682. PMID 24459411.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Cummings JL, Isaacson RS, Schmitt FA, Velting DM (March 2015). "A practical algorithm for managing Alzheimer's disease: what, when, and why?". Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2 (3): 307–23. doi:10.1002/acn3.166. PMID 25815358.
  3. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (November 1975). ""Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician". J Psychiatr Res. 12 (3): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID 1202204.
  4. Borson S, Scanlan JM, Chen P, Ganguli M (October 2003). "The Mini-Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population-based sample". J Am Geriatr Soc. 51 (10): 1451–4. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51465.x. PMID 14511167.
  5. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H (April 2005). "The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment". J Am Geriatr Soc. 53 (4): 695–9. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x. PMID 15817019.
  6. Schmitt FA, Saxton JA, Xu Y, McRae T, Sun Y, Richardson S, Li H (2009). "A brief instrument to assess treatment response in the patient with advanced Alzheimer disease". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 23 (4): 377–83. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181ac9cc1. PMID 19571727.
  7. Schmitt FA, Saxton JA, Xu Y, McRae T, Sun Y, Richardson S, Li H (2009). "A brief instrument to assess treatment response in the patient with advanced Alzheimer disease". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 23 (4): 377–83. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181ac9cc1. PMID 19571727.
  8. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Ketchel P, Smith V, MacMillan A, Shelley T, Lopez OL, DeKosky ST (2000). "Validation of the NPI-Q, a brief clinical form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 12 (2): 233–9. doi:10.1176/jnp.12.2.233. PMID 11001602.
  9. Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, Small GW, Miller B, Stevens JC (May 2001). "Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 56 (9): 1143–53. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1143. PMID 11342678.
  10. Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, Tangalos EG, Cummings JL, DeKosky ST (May 2001). "Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 56 (9): 1133–42. doi:10.1212/wnl.56.9.1133. PMID 11342677.
  11. Squire LR, Zouzounis JA (December 1988). "Self-ratings of memory dysfunction: different findings in depression and amnesia". J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 10 (6): 727–38. doi:10.1080/01688638808402810. PMID 3235647.
  12. Hack, Jason B.; Hoffman, Robert S. (1998). "Thiamine Before Glucose to Prevent Wernicke Encephalopathy: Examining the Conventional Wisdom". JAMA. 279 (8): 583. doi:10.1001/jama.279.8.583a. ISSN 0098-7484.

CME Category:Psychiatry