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|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
<small><small>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" |'''Skin examination'''
!Disease
! colspan="2" |Diagnosis
!Presentation
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
!Risk Factors
!Diagnosis
!Affected Organ Systems
!Important features
!Picture
|-
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Type
! colspan="3" |Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Color
!
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Texture
!
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Size
!
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Distribution
!
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Dermoscopic Findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid10848931">{{cite journal| author=Petter G, Haustein UF| title=Histologic subtyping and malignancy assessment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 521-30 | pmid=10848931 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10848931  }}</ref>
|[[Oral candidiasis|Oral Candidiasis]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of skin|'''SCC in situ (Bowen's disease''')]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Dysphagia]] or [[odynophagia]]
* Patch
* White patches on the mouth and tongue
* [[Plaque]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Newborn]] babies
* [[Erythematous]]
* Skin colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Scaly
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas


* In black individuals: [[Leg|legs]], [[anus]], and areas of [[chronic inflammation]]
*Denture users
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presence of dotted and/or glomerular [[vessels]]
* White to yellowish surface scales
* Red-yellowish background
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]
* No infiltration into [[dermis]]


* [[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
*Poorly controlled [[diabetes]]
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
 
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken [[antibiotic]]s. Inhaled [[corticosteroids]] for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, [[asthma]] or [[COPD]]) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication.
* Slow growth over the years
 
|-
*People with poor [[nutrition]], specifically [[vitamin A]], [[Iron deficiency anemia|iron]] and [[Folate deficiency|folate deficiencies]].
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Invasive squamous cell carcinoma'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Papules|Papule]]
* [[Plaques|Plaque]]  
* [[Nodule]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin colored
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Induration|Indurated]] + [[Hyperkeratosis|hyperkeratotic]] (well [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]])
* Soft + [[ulceration]] (poorly [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 0.5 to 1.5 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Fair-skinned individuals: sun-exposed areas


* In black individuals: legs, anus, and areas of chronic inflammation
*People with an [[immune deficiency]] (e.g. as a result of [[AIDS]]/[[HIV]] or [[chemotherapy]] treatment).
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White circles
* White structureless areas
* Masses of [[keratin]]
* Hairpin and linear-irregular [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Keratinocyte|Keratinocytic]] [[dysplasia]] of the [[epidermis]]  
* No infiltration into [[dermis]]


* [[Pleomorphism|Pleomorphic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]
*Women undergoing hormonal changes, like [[pregnancy]] or those on [[birth control pills]].
* Hyperchromatic [[nuclei]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* May be painful or [[Itch|pruritic]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Keratoacanthoma]]'''<ref name="pmid26853179">{{cite journal| author=Kwiek B, Schwartz RA| title=Keratoacanthoma (KA): An update and review. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2016 | volume= 74 | issue= 6 | pages= 1220-33 | pmid=26853179 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2015.11.033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26853179  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Macule
* Papule
* May have telangiectasias
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Skin-colored
* Mildly erythematous
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Prominent keratinous core in the center of the nodule
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* 1 to 2.5 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas
* Face, neck, hands, and arms
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* White circles
* Keratin
* Blood spots
* White structureless zones
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Well-[[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]] [[squamous epithelium]]
* Central [[keratin]] core
* Epidermal hyperplasia + large [[eosinophilic]] [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]


* Dermal inflammatory infiltrate
*[[Organ transplantation]] patients
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Rapid growth (within weeks)
* Clinical diagnosis
|-
* Confirmatory tests rarely needed
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Merkel cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid19638070">{{cite journal| author=Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, Sagy N, Schwartz AM, Henson DE| title=Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-7 | pmid=19638070 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01370.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19638070  }}</ref>
|'''Localized candidiasis'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Oral candidiasis|Oral]] and [[Esophageal candidiasis|esophageal candidasis]]
* Intracutaneous [[nodule]]
* [[Candida vulvovaginitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis]]
* Shiny
* Flesh-colored or bluish-red
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Firm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* < 1 cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Sun-exposed areas


* [[Head]] and [[neck]]
'''Invasive candidasis'''
* [[Upper limbs]] and [[shoulder]]
* [[Candidiasis|Candidaemia]]
* [[Lower limbs]] and [[hip]]
* [[Endocarditis|Candida endocarditis]]
* [[Trunk]]
* [[Osteoarthritis|Candida osteoarticular disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Milky red areas
* [[Osteoarthritis|Oral candidiaisis is]] a benign self limiting disease unless accompanied by [[immunosuppression]].
* Linear
|[[File:Human tongue infected with oral candidiasis--By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|thumb|Tongue infected with oral candidiasis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg|400x400px]]
* Irregular vessels
* Polymorphous [[vessels]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Uniform [[cells]] with large [[basophilic]] [[nuclei]]
* Single-cell [[necrosis]]
* Frequent [[mitoses]]
* Lymphovascular invasion
* Perineural invasion
* [[Epidermal]] involvement via [[pagetoid]] spread
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Older individuals with light skin tones
* Rapidly growing
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Basal cell carcinoma]]'''<ref name="pmid22759209">{{cite journal| author=Wolberink EA, Pasch MC, Zeiler M, van Erp PE, Gerritsen MJ| title=High discordance between punch biopsy and excision in establishing basal cell carcinoma subtype: analysis of 500 cases. | journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 8 | pages= 985-9 | pmid=22759209 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04628.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22759209 }}</ref>
|[[Herpes simplex|Herpes simplex oral lesions]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular basal cell carcinoma]]'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fever]]   
* [[Papule]]
* [[Sore throat]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Painful [[ulcer]]s
* Flesh-colored
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Stress
* Small bump
* Recent [[URTI]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Female sex
* Variable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Physical examination
* [[Face]]
* [[Viral culture]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Tzanck smear]]
* Focused, bright red, and branching arborizing [[vessels]]
|
* Loosely arranged blue-gray dots
* Orofacial Infection
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Herpes simplex anogenital infection|Anogenital Infection]]
* Nest-like infiltration with basaloid [[cells]]
* [[Herpes simplex ocular infection|Ocular Infection]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Herpes simplex encephalitis|Herpes Encephalitis]]
* May have a "rolled" border
* [[Herpes simplex neonatorum|Neonatal Herpes]]
* [[Herpetic whitlow|Herpetic Whitlow]]
* [[Herpes gladiatorum|Herpes Gladiatorum]]
|
* The symptoms of primary [[HSV]] infection generally resolve within two weeks
|[[File:Herpesinfection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|thumb|Oral herpes simplex infection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg|400x400px]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Superficial basal cell carcinoma '''
|[[Aphthous ulcer|Aphthous ulcers]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Patch
* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Erythematous]]
* Being a female
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Between the ages of 10-40
* Scaly
* Family history of [[Aphthous ulcer|aphthous ulcers]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* 1 to > 10 cm
* Physical examination
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Diagnosis of exclusion
* Sun-exposed areas
|
* [[Head]] (cheek and nose)
* Oral cavity
* [[Trunk]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Self-limiting , [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks
* Superficial fine [[Telangiectasias|telangiectasia]]
|[[File:Afta foto - By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358.jpg|thumb|Apthous ulcer on the under surface of the tongue|By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358|400x400px]]
* Shiny white to red, translucent or opaque structureless areas
* Multiple small erosions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Large, hyperchromatic, oval [[nuclei]]
* Minimal [[cytoplasm]]
* Small basaloid nodules
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Higher [[incidence]] in men
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma (morpheaform)'''<ref name="pmid8959949">{{cite journal| author=Wrone DA, Swetter SM, Egbert BM, Smoller BR, Khavari PA| title=Increased proportion of aggressive-growth basal cell carcinoma in the Veterans Affairs population of Palo Alto, California. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1996 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 907-10 | pmid=8959949 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8959949  }}</ref>
|[[Squamous cell carcinoma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Papule
*Non healing [[ulcer]], [[nodule]], indurated plaque or mass
 
*May involve [[skin]], [[lips]], inside the [[mouth]], [[throat]] or [[esophagus]]
* Plaque
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Chronic sun or [[Ultraviolet|UV exposure]]
* Flesh-colored
* Fair [[skin]]
* [[Erythematous|Slightly erythematous]]
* [[Elderly]] age (>45 yrs)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Male sex]]
* Firm
* [[Smoking]]
* [[Induration|Indurated]]  
|
* Indistinct borders
*[[Physical exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Biopsy]]
* Variable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Oral Cavity]]
* Sun-exposed areas
**Floor of [[mouth]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
**Lateral [[tongue]]
* Whitish backround
*[[Throat]]
* Few fine arborizing [[vessels]]
*[[Esophagus]]
* Multiple brown dots
|
* [[Ulceration]]
*[[Malignant]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Can spread to [[TMJ]]
* Thin columns + small nodules
*Some times associated with [[leukoplakia]]
* Highly [[Collagen|collagenized]] stroma
|[[File:PLoS oral cancer.png|thumb|400x400px|Squamous cell carcinoma - By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio - http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632]]  
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Expression of [[Alpha-actin|smooth muscle protein alpha-actin]] in tumor [[stroma]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Prurigo nodules'''<ref name="pmid25808786">{{cite journal| author=Errichetti E, Piccirillo A, Stinco G| title=Dermoscopy of prurigo nodularis. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2015 | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | pages= 632-4 | pmid=25808786 | doi=10.1111/1346-8138.12844 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25808786  }}</ref><ref name="pmid20002240">{{cite journal| author=Weigelt N, Metze D, Ständer S| title=Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients. | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 37 | issue= 5 | pages= 578-86 | pmid=20002240 | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01484.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20002240  }}</ref>
|[[Leukoplakia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Dome-shaped [[nodule]]
*White leathery spots on the [[mucous membranes]] of the [[tongue]] and inside of the [[mouth]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Lateral borders of [[tongue]]
* Flesh-colored
|
* [[Erythematous]]
*Atypical [[Tobacco]] use
* Brown/black
*Chronic [[irritation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Immunodeficiency]]
* Firm
*[[Bloodroot]] ([[Sanguinarine|sanguinaria]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Few millimeters to several centimeters
*[[Physical exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Diagnosis of exclusion
* Extensor surfaces of the arms and legs and on the trunk
*[[Biopsy]]
 
|
* Upper back, abdomen, and sacrum
*[[Vulva|Vulvar]] lesions occur independent of oral lesions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* White "starburst pattern" surrounding red/brown/yellow crusts
*Associated with [[HIV]]
* Erosions
*Persistant white spots
* Hyperkeratosis
*[[Benign]] but can progress to [[carcinoma]] after almost 10 years
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Oral proliferative [[Leukoplakia|verrucous leukoplakia]] is an aggressive sub type with multiple lesions and higher conversion to [[warts]] or [[carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
* Thick and compact orthohyperkeratosis
| author = [[Ann M. Gillenwater]], [[Nadarajah Vigneswaran]], [[Hanadi Fatani]], [[Pierre Saintigny]] & [[Adel K. El-Naggar]]
* Irregular epidermal hyperplasia
| title = Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!
* Focal parakeratosis with irregular acanthosis
| journal = [[Advances in anatomic pathology]]
* Nonspecific dermal infiltrate containing WBCs
| volume = 20
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| issue = 6
* Nodules range in number from few to hundreds
| pages = 416–423
* Worsened by heat, sweating, or irritation from clothing
| year = 2013
| month = November
| doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1
| pmid = 24113312
}}</ref>
|[[File:Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV, in HIV)a.jpg|thumb|400x300px|Leukoplakia - By Aitor III - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid201377432">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Krengel S| title=Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi). | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=20137743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20137743  }}</ref>
|[[Melanoma]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Melanoma in situ''' (Lentigo Maligna)<ref name="pmid30266559">{{cite journal| author=Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K| title=Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 80 | issue= 2 | pages= 532-537 | pmid=30266559 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071 | pmc=6333487 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30266559  }}</ref>
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*A lesion with [[ABCD]]
* [[Macule]]
**[[Asymmetry]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
**Border irregularity
* Variable (from light to dark brown, black, pink, red, or white)
**Color variation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
**[[Diamete]]r changes
* Smooth
*[[Bleeding]] from the lesion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Around 1 cm
*[[Ultraviolet|UV radiations]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Genetic predisposition]]
* Sun-damaged skin of the head or neck
*[[Old age]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Male gender]]
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
*Family or personal history of [[melanoma]]
* Gray angulated lines
*Multiple benign or atypical [[Nevus|nevi]]
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
|
* Circle within a circle
*[[ABCD]] characteristics
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Bleeding]] or [[ulceration]] may show [[malignancy]]
* '''↑''' atypical [[spindle]] shaped [[melanocytes]]  
*Serum [[LDH]] may be elevated in case of [[malignancy]]
* Arranged in single cells or in small nests along the [[Epidermal junctions|dermal-epidermal junction]]
*[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Darkening of pigmentation, sharpening of borders, or emergence of nodular areas are signs of progression to [[lentigo maligna melanoma]]
*Can [[metastasize]]
*All [[UV radiation]] or sun exposed areas can be effected independently
*1-2 to hundreds of [[granules]]
|
*[[Neural crest cell]] derivative
*Development begins with disruption of [[nevus]] growth control
*Progression involves [[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
*[[RAS|N-RAS]] or [[BRAF]] [[oncogene]] also involved
|[[File:Palate malign melanoma 01.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Oral melanoma - By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis - Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lentigo maligna melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid302665592">{{cite journal| author=Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ, Nehal K| title=Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2019 | volume= 80 | issue= 2 | pages= 532-537 | pmid=30266559 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2018.07.071 | pmc=6333487 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30266559  }}</ref>
|[[Fordyce spots]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Macule]]
*Rice-like [[granules]] or [[spots]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Small, [[painless]], [[raised]], [[pale]], red or white
* Brown/tan
*1 to 3 mm in [[diameter]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Freckle-like
*Greasy skin types
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Some [[Rheumatic|rheumatic disorders]]
* Variable
*[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
**Lower [[gingiva]] (gums)
* Chronically sun-damaged areas
**[[Vestibular system|Vestibular mucosa]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Asymmetric, pigmented follicular openings
*[[Physical exam]]
* Gray angulated lines
*Small [[keratin]]-filled [[pseudocysts]]
* Gray areas, dots, and globules
*May be seen on [[incidental]] [[mucosal]] [[biopsy]]
* Circle within a circle
**[[Biopsy]] not done for them primarily
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* "Star-burst giant cells" in [[epidermis]]
*[[Oral cavity]]
* "Swallow's nest" sign along the [[Epidermal junctions|dermal-epidermal junction]]
**[[Vermillion border|Vermilion border]] of the lips
* Minimal [[cytoplasm]]
**[[Oral mucosa]] of the upper lip
* Pale nucleus with small nucleoli
*[[Buccal mucosa]] in the commissural region often bilaterally
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Genitals]]
* Usually in older individuals
|
*[[Benign neoplasms]] with [[sebaceous]] features
*Visible [[sebaceous glands]]
*No surrounding [[mucosal]] change
*Several adjacent [[glands]] may coalesce into a larger cauliflower-like cluster
|[[File:Fospot.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Fordyce spots - Por Perene - Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Superficial spreading melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid19782937">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Ferrara G, Francione S, Di Nola K, Martino A, Zalaudek I| title=Dermoscopy--the ultimate tool for melanoma diagnosis. | journal=Semin Cutan Med Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 3 | pages= 142-8 | pmid=19782937 | doi=10.1016/j.sder.2009.06.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19782937  }}</ref>
|[[Burning mouth syndrome]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Macule]]
*Burning or [[tingling]] on the [[lips]], [[tongue]], or entire [[mouth]]
* Plaque with irregular borders
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Nutritional deficiencies]]
* Variably pigmented (red, blue, black, gray, and white)
*Chronic [[anxiety]] or [[depression]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Diabetes type 2]]
* Thin
*[[Menopause]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Oral thrush]] or [[dry mouth]], or damaged [[nerves]] transmitting taste
* 1 mm to > 1 cm
*[[Female gender ]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Menopause]]
* Anywhere but usually:
|
** Back (men and women)
*[[Presentation]]
** Lower extremities (women)
*[[Physical exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Asymmetry of shape
*[[Oral cavity]]
* > 2 colors
|
* Asymmetry of structures
*Pain typically is low in the morning and builds up over the day
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Low dosages of [[benzodiazepines]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]] or [[anticonvulsants]] may be effective
* Asymmetric
|
* Poorly circumscribed
* Lack cellular maturation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Lateral (radial) growth before vertical (invasive) growth
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nodular melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid12734496">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, Talamini R, Corona R, Sera F et al.| title=Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2003 | volume= 48 | issue= 5 | pages= 679-93 | pmid=12734496 | doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.281 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12734496  }}</ref><ref name="MenziesMoloney2013">{{cite journal|last1=Menzies|first1=Scott W.|last2=Moloney|first2=Fergal J.|last3=Byth|first3=Karen|last4=Avramidis|first4=Michelle|last5=Argenziano|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Zalaudek|first6=Iris|last7=Braun|first7=Ralph P.|last8=Malvehy|first8=Josep|last9=Puig|first9=Susana|last10=Rabinovitz|first10=Harold S.|last11=Oliviero|first11=Margaret|last12=Cabo|first12=Horacio|last13=Bono|first13=Riccardo|last14=Pizzichetta|first14=Maria A.|last15=Claeson|first15=Magdalena|last16=Gaffney|first16=Daniel C.|last17=Soyer|first17=H. Peter|last18=Stanganelli|first18=Ignazio|last19=Scolyer|first19=Richard A.|last20=Guitera|first20=Pascale|last21=Kelly|first21=John|last22=McCurdy|first22=Olivia|last23=Llambrich|first23=Alex|last24=Marghoob|first24=Ashfaq A.|last25=Zaballos|first25=Pedro|last26=Kirchesch|first26=Herbert M.|last27=Piccolo|first27=Domenico|last28=Bowling|first28=Jonathan|last29=Thomas|first29=Luc|last30=Terstappen|first30=Karin|last31=Tanaka|first31=Masaru|last32=Pellacani|first32=Giovanni|last33=Pagnanelli|first33=Gianluca|last34=Ghigliotti|first34=Giovanni|last35=Ortega|first35=Blanca Carlos|last36=Crafter|first36=Greg|last37=Ortiz|first37=Ana María Perusquía|last38=Tromme|first38=Isabelle|last39=Karaarslan|first39=Isil Kilinc|last40=Ozdemir|first40=Fezal|last41=Tam|first41=Anthony|last42=Landi|first42=Christian|last43=Norton|first43=Peter|last44=Kaçar|first44=Nida|last45=Rudnicka|first45=Lidia|last46=Slowinska|first46=Monika|last47=Simionescu|first47=Olga|last48=Di Stefani|first48=Alessandro|last49=Coates|first49=Elliot|last50=Kreusch|first50=Juergen|title=Dermoscopic Evaluation of Nodular Melanoma|journal=JAMA Dermatology|volume=149|issue=6|year=2013|pages=699|issn=2168-6068|doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2466}}</ref>
|[[Torus palatinus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Polypoid [[nodule]]
*Bony growth on midline of the [[hard palate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Nodular]] mass covered with normal [[mucosa]]
* Dark color
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Genetic predisposition]]
* Lump
**[[Autosomal dominant]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* 6mm to > 1 cm
*[[Physical exam]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Types
* Trunk
**[[Torus palatinus|Flat tori]]
* Head
**[[Torus palatinus|Spindle tori]]
* Neck
**[[Torus palatinus|Nodular tori]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
**[[Torus palatinus|Lobular tori]]
* Pigment network or pseudonetwork
|
* Aggregated brown or black globules
*[[Hard palate]]
* Blue pigmentation within lesion
|
* Small dotted or comma [[vessels]]
*More common in [[Asian]] and Inuit populations
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Twice more common in [[females]]
* Cells [[proliferate]] downwards through the skin
*Repeated [[trauma]] can cause [[bleeding]]
 
*[[Surgery]] may be required in symptomatic
* Dermal growth in isolation or in association with an [[epidermal]] component
|[[File:06-06-06palataltoria.jpg|thumb|Torus palatinus|400x400px|Torus palatinus - By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Two-thirds arise in normal skin, the rest in existing moles
* Rapidly enlarging
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Acral lentiginous melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid19922528">{{cite journal| author=Phan A, Dalle S, Touzet S, Ronger-Savlé S, Balme B, Thomas L| title=Dermoscopic features of acral lentiginous melanoma in a large series of 110 cases in a white population. | journal=Br J Dermatol | year= 2010 | volume= 162 | issue= 4 | pages= 765-71 | pmid=19922528 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09594.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19922528  }}</ref>
| colspan="4" |'''Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Macule]]
|
* Patch
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Dark brown to black
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Raised areas
* [[Ulceration]]
* [[Bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Variable
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Palmar
* Plantar
* Subungual
* Mucosal surfaces
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Parallel-ridge pattern
* Irregular diffuse pigmentation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Asymmetric proliferation of single melanocytes at dermoepidermal junction
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most common among dark skinned individuals
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Amelanotic melanoma]]'''<ref name="pmid23197217">{{cite journal| author=Steglich RB, Meotti CD, Ferreira MS, Lovatto L, de Carvalho AV, de Castro CG| title=Dermoscopic clues in the diagnosis of amelanotic and hypomelanotic malignant melanoma. | journal=An Bras Dermatol | year= 2012 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 920-3 | pmid=23197217 | doi= | pmc=3699915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23197217  }}</ref>
|[[Behçet's disease|Behcet's disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Patch
*Painful [[mouth sores]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Acne]] like skin lesions
* Skin color
*Headache, [[fever]], poor [[balance]], [[disorientation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]] or [[bleeding]]
* Slightly elevated borders
*[[Uveitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Joint [[swelling]] and joint [[pain]]
* Around 6 mm
*Genital [[sores]] wit [[pain]] and [[scaring]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Aneurysms]]
* Sun-exposed areas
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Over active [[immune system]]
* No [[melanin]] pigmentation
|
 
*[[Physical examination]]
* Dotted [[vessels]]
|
* Linear irregular vessels
*[[Mouth]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Genitals]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[GIT]]
* [[Lesion|Lesions]] not [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]] since they don't produce [[melanin]]
*[[Eye]]
*
*[[Joints]]
*[[Skin]]
*[[Vascular system]]
*[[Brain]]
|
*[[Outbreaks]] of exaggerated [[inflammation]]
*Affects smaller [[blood vessels]]
|[[File:Behcets disease.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Behcet's disease - By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD - http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Nevus|Common nevus]]<ref name="pmid20137743">{{cite journal| author=Witt C, Krengel S| title=Clinical and epidemiological aspects of subtypes of melanocytic nevi (Flat nevi, Miescher nevi, Unna nevi). | journal=Dermatol Online J | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 1 | pmid=20137743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20137743  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12753404">{{cite journal| author=Bauer J, Garbe C| title=Acquired melanocytic nevi as risk factor for melanoma development. A comprehensive review of epidemiological data. | journal=Pigment Cell Res | year= 2003 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 297-306 | pmid=12753404 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12753404  }}</ref>'''
|[[Crohn's disease]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Dome-shaped  [[nodules]]
*Chronic, episodic [[diarrhea]] or [[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Hypopigmentation|Hypopigmented]]
*[[Vomiting]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Weight loss]] or [[weight gain]]
* Smooth surface
|
* Terminal hairs  often present
*[[Smoking]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Whites]] and [[European]] [[Jews]]
* 1 cm to > 20 cm
*[[Hormonal contraception]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods
* Sun-exposed areas above the [[waist]]
*Industrialized country
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Comma-shaped or curved vessels
*Typical [[history]] and [[symptoms]]
* Structureless light brown background
*[[Skip lesions]] on [[biopsy]]
* Residual brown thick circles around the [[hair follicles]]
*[[Anti saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies|Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA)]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies]] ([[ANCA]])
* Multinucleated [[melanocytes]]
|
* [[Melanocyte|Melanocytes]] diffusely infiltrate [[dermis]]
*[[Eyes]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Joints]]
* Also called Miescher [[nevus]]
*[[Skin]]
|
*May lead to
**[[Obstruction]]s
**[[Abscess]]es
**Free [[perforation]]
**[[Hemorrhage]]
|
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Blue nevus]]'''<ref name="pmid11224601">{{cite journal| author=Granter SR, McKee PH, Calonje E, Mihm  MC, Busam K| title=Melanoma associated with blue nevus and melanoma mimicking cellular blue nevus: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases on the spectrum of so-called 'malignant blue nevus'. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 316-23 | pmid=11224601 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11224601  }}</ref>
|[[Agranulocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Macules|Macule]]
*[[Fever]] or [[chills]]
* [[Papule]]
*Frequent [[infections]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Unusual [[redness]], [[pain]], or [[swelling]] around a wound
* Blue
*Mouth [[ulcers]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Abdominal pain]]
* Smooth
*[[Burning sensation when urinating]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Sore throat]]
* Variable
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Medications]]<ref name="PMID17142169">{{cite journal |author=Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. |title=Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder. |journal=Eur J Intern Med. |volume=17|issue=8 |pages=529-35 |year=2006|pmid 17142169|doi=|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17142169}}</ref>
* Head and neck,
*[[List of chemotherapeutic agents#Cytotoxic Chemotherapy|Cytotoxic chemotherapy]]
* Dorsal aspect of the distal extremities
*[[Hematological malignancy|Hematologic malignancies]]
* Sacral area
*[[Autoimmune disorders]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Structureless blue pigmentation
*[[Neutropenia]] <100 cells per micro litre
* Structureless blue and white or blue and brown on some occasions
*[[Eosinopenia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Basopenia]]
* Proliferation of dendritic, dermal, melanin-producing melanocytes
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Oral cavity]]
* Also called Mongolian spots
*[[Skin]]
*[[GIT]]
*[[Urinary system]]
*[[Conjunctiva]]
|
*[[Immunocompromised|Immunocompromization]]
*Types
**[[Drug-induced]]
**[[Malignant]]
**[[Autoimmune]]
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Spitz nevus'''<ref name="pmid22082838">{{cite journal| author=Luo S, Sepehr A, Tsao H| title=Spitz nevi and other Spitzoid lesions part I. Background and diagnoses. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 65 | issue= 6 | pages= 1073-84 | pmid=22082838 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.040 | pmc=3217183 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22082838  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21494025">{{cite journal| author=Argenziano G, Agozzino M, Bonifazi E, Broganelli P, Brunetti B, Ferrara G et al.| title=Natural evolution of Spitz nevi. | journal=Dermatology | year= 2011 | volume= 222 | issue= 3 | pages= 256-60 | pmid=21494025 | doi=10.1159/000326109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21494025  }}</ref>
|[[Syphilis]]<ref>title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Nonpigmented Spitz nevus'''
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Chancre]]
* [[Nodule]]
*Regional [[lymphadenopathy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Pink
*[[Multiple sexual partners]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Illicit [[drug use]]
* Smooth
*[[Unprotected sex]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Homosexual men|Men who have sex with men]]
* < 1 cm
*Residence in highly prevalent areas
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] infection
* Cheek
*Presence of other [[STI]]s
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Previous history of [[Sexually transmitted disease|STIs]]
* Coiled vessels
*[[Intravenous drug use]]
* White network over a pink to reddish background
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Darkfield microscope|Darkfield microscopy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Non [[Treponema|treponemal]] tests like [[VDRL]] and [[RPR test]])
* In children and adolescents
*[[Treponema|Treponemal]] tests[[FTA-ABS|FTA-ABS tests]], (TP-PA) assay, [[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|enzyme immunoassays]], and [[Chemiluminescence|chemiluminescence immunoassays]])
|
*[[Oral cavity]]
*[[Penis]]
*[[Cervix]]
*[[Labia]]
*[[Anal canal]]
*[[Rectum ]]
*[[CNS]]
*[[Cardiovascular|CVS]]
|
*[[Primary syphilis]]
**[[Chancre]]
*[[Secondary syphilis]]
**[[Condyloma latum|Condylomata lata]]
*[[Latent syphilis]]
**[[Asymptomatic]]
*[[Tertiary syphilis]]
**[[Gumma|Gummas]]
**[[Neurosyphilis]]
|[[File:Hutchinson teeth congenital syphilis PHIL 2385.rsh.jpg|thumb|400x400px|oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Reed-like Spitz'''<ref name="pmid27222770">{{cite journal| author=Pedrosa AF, Lopes JM, Azevedo F, Mota A| title=Spitz/Reed nevi: a review of clinical-dermatoscopic and histological correlation. | journal=Dermatol Pract Concept | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= 37-41 | pmid=27222770 | doi=10.5826/dpc.0602a07 | pmc=4866625 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27222770  }}</ref>
|[[Coxsackie virus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Papule
*[[Fever]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Sores]] in the [[mouth]]
* Heavily [[Pigmented lesions|pigmented]]
*[[Rash]] with [[blisters]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Aches]]
* Smooth
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Pregnancy]]
* < 1 cm
*[[immunodeficiency]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Head and neck
*[[History]] and [[Physical exam]]
* Upper and lower extremities
*[[Swabbing|Throat swabs]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Swabs from the lesion
* Structureless black to gray center
*[[Tzanck test]]
* [[Hypopigmented area|Hypopigmented]] follicular openings
|
* Peripheral streaks
*[[Oral cavity]]
* [[Pseudopods]]
*[[Skin]]
* Globules
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Symptomatic treatment
* Enlarged spindle [[melanocytes]] with polyangular form
|[[File:Hand foot mouth disease 07a.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - adapted from atlasdermatologico.com<ref name="urlDermatology Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasdermatologico.com.br/ |title=Dermatology Atlas |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>]]
* "Ground glass" cytoplasm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Most commonly develops in children, adolescents, and young adults.
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Solar lentigo]]'''<ref name="pmid21175756">{{cite journal| author=Tanaka M, Sawada M, Kobayashi K| title=Key points in dermoscopic differentiation between lentigo maligna and solar lentigo. | journal=J Dermatol | year= 2011 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-8 | pmid=21175756 | doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01132.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21175756  }}</ref>
|[[Chickenpox|Chicken pox]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Multiple spots
*[[Conjunctival]] symptoms
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Catarrhal]] symptoms
* Brown
*Characteristic [[spots]] on the trunk appearing in two or three waves
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Itching]]
* Smooth
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Pregnancy]]
* Around 5mm
*[[Premature infants]] born to susceptible mothers
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*All [[infants]] born at less than 28 weeks [[gestation]] or who weigh =1000 grams
* Sun-exposed areas
*[[Immunocompromised]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Faint pigmented fingerprint structures
*[[History]] and [[physical exam]]
* Structureless pattern
*[[PCR]] to detect [[VZV]] in [[skin lesions]] ([[vesicles]], [[scabs]], [[Maculopapular|maculopapular lesions]])
* Light brown pseudonetwork with well-defined borders and a "moth-eaten" edge
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Oral cavity]]
* '''↑''' [[melanin]] deposition in [[Keratinocyte|keratinocytes]]  
*[[Skin]]
* '''↑''' linear arrangement of [[melanocytes]] at the [[Epidermal junctions|dermal-epidermal junction]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Sodium bicarbonate]] in baths or [[antihistamines]] for [[itching]]
* Associated with UV exposure and skin aging
*[[Paracetamol]] ([[acetaminophen]]) for [[fever]]
*[[Prednisolone]] is [[contraindicated]]
|[[File:Herpangina2016.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Chickenpox - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565]]
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Sebaceous hyperplasia]]'''<ref name="pmid24520522">{{cite journal| author=Sato T, Tanaka M| title=Linear sebaceous hyperplasia on the chest. | journal=Dermatol Pract Concept | year= 2014 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 93-5 | pmid=24520522 | doi=10.5826/dpc.0401a16 | pmc=3919849 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24520522 }}</ref>
|[[Measles]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Papule]]
*[[Fever]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Rash]]
* Skin-colored to brownish
*[[Cough]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Coryza]] (runny nose)
* Umbilicated
*[[Conjunctivitis]] (pink eye)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Malaise]]
* 2 - 6 mm
*[[Koplick spots]] in mouth
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* [[Forehead]]
*Unvaccinated individuals<ref name="pmid11135778">{{cite journal| author=Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE| title=Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. | journal=JAMA | year= 2000 | volume= 284 | issue= 24 | pages= 3145-50 | pmid=11135778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11135778 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9009400">{{cite journal| author=Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E| title=Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies. | journal=Can J Public Health | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 6 | pages= 407-10 | pmid=9009400 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9009400 }} </ref>
* [[Nose]]
*Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions
* [[Cheeks]]
*Traveling to less developed and developing countries
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Immunocompromized
* Structureless yellow to whitish center surrounded by short linear "crown [[vessels]]"
*Winter and [[spring]] seasons
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Health care workers
* Usually in middle-aged or older patients
|
|-
*[[History]] and [[examination]]
| colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Lichen planus-like keratosis'''<ref name="pmid16148406">{{cite journal| author=Morgan MB, Stevens GL, Switlyk S| title=Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2005 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 387-92 | pmid=16148406 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16148406 }}</ref>
*[[PCR]] for [[Measles]]-specific [[IgM|IgM antibody]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[PCR]] for [[Measles]] [[RNA]]
* [[Papule]]  
|
* [[Plaques|Plaque]]
*[[Oral cavity]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Skin]]
* Gray to brown
*[[Respiratory tract]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Eyes]]
* Prominent
*[[Throat]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|
* Variable
*Caused by [[Morbillivirus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Primary site of infection is the [[respiratory epithelium]] of the [[nasopharynx]]
* [[Upper trunk]]
*Transmitted in [[respiratory secretions]], via [[aerosol droplets]] containing [[Virus|virus particles]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|[[File:Koplik spots, measles 6111 lores.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483]]
* Shows a coarse or fine, gray to blue, granular [[pigmentation]]
|}</small></small>
* Diffuse brownish gray [[granules]]
</div>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
 
* [[Hypergranulosis]]
* [[Epidermal]] [[hyperplasia]]
* Superficial bandlike  infiltrate
* Melanophages
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Appearance depends on stage of evolution
|}





Revision as of 23:30, 3 June 2019

Disease Presentation Risk Factors Diagnosis Affected Organ Systems Important features Picture
Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity
Oral Candidiasis
  • Denture users
  • As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken antibiotics. Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, asthma or COPD) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication.
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Confirmatory tests rarely needed
Localized candidiasis

Invasive candidasis

Tongue infected with oral candidiasis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg
Herpes simplex oral lesions
  • Stress
  • Recent URTI
  • Female sex
  • The symptoms of primary HSV infection generally resolve within two weeks
Oral herpes simplex infection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg
Aphthous ulcers
  • Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open ulcer
  • Physical examination
  • Diagnosis of exclusion
  • Oral cavity
  • Self-limiting , Pain decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks
By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358
Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio - http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632
Leukoplakia
  • Vulvar lesions occur independent of oral lesions
Leukoplakia - By Aitor III - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087
Melanoma
Oral melanoma - By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis - Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811
Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots - Por Perene - Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899
Burning mouth syndrome
Torus palatinus
Torus palatinus - By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591
Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems
Behcet's disease
Behcet's disease - By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD - http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021
Crohn's disease
Agranulocytosis
Syphilis[3]
oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349
Coxsackie virus
  • Symptomatic treatment
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - adapted from atlasdermatologico.com[4]
Chicken pox
Chickenpox - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565
Measles
  • Unvaccinated individuals[5][6]
  • Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions
  • Traveling to less developed and developing countries
  • Immunocompromized
  • Winter and spring seasons
  • Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated
  • Health care workers
Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483


Diseases Clinical Features Physical Examination Diagnostic Findings
Endometriosis
Adenomyosis[7]
  • Diffuse uterine enlargement always less than size corresponding to less than 12 weeks of gestation
Submucous uterine leiomyomas[8]
  • Mobile uterus with an irregular contour
Pelvic Inflammatory disease[9]
  • Seen in patients with history of sexually transmitted disease
  • History of multiple sexual partners 
  • Common in women younger than 25 years of age
Pelvic congestion Syndrome[10]
  • Shifting lower abdominal pain
  • Deep dyspareunia
  • Post-coital pain
  • Exacerbation of pain after prolonged standing 


References

  1. Ann M. Gillenwater, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Hanadi Fatani, Pierre Saintigny & Adel K. El-Naggar (2013). "Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL): a review of an elusive pathologic entity!". Advances in anatomic pathology. 20 (6): 416–423. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3182a92df1. PMID 24113312. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Andrès E, Zimmer J, Affenberger S, Federici L, Alt M, Maloisel F. (2006). "Idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis: Update of an old disorder". Eur J Intern Med. 17 (8): 529–35. Text "pmid 17142169" ignored (help)
  3. title="By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_manual_of_syphilis_and_the_venereal_diseases%2C_(1900)_(14595882378).jpg"
  4. "Dermatology Atlas".
  5. Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE (2000). "Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization". JAMA. 284 (24): 3145–50. PMID 11135778.
  6. Ratnam S, West R, Gadag V, Williams B, Oates E (1996). "Immunity against measles in school-aged children: implications for measles revaccination strategies". Can J Public Health. 87 (6): 407–10. PMID 9009400.
  7. Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P (2006). "Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis". Fertil Steril. 86 (3): 711–5. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.01.030. PMID 16782099.
  8. Donnez J, Donnez O, Matule D, Ahrendt HJ, Hudecek R, Zatik J; et al. (2016). "Long-term medical management of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate". Fertil Steril. 105 (1): 165–173.e4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.032. PMID 26477496.
  9. Ross J, Judlin P, Jensen J, International Union against sexually transmitted infections (2014). "2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease". Int J STD AIDS. 25 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1177/0956462413498714. PMID 24216035.
  10. Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J, Amis ES (2001). "Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176 (1): 119–22. doi:10.2214/ajr.176.1.1760119. PMID 11133549.