Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]

Differentiating Tachycardia Associated Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome from other Diseases

Abbreviations: VT: Ventricular tachycardia; VF: Ventricular fibrillation; AF: Atrial fibrillation ; AVNRT: Atrionodal reentrant tachycardia; AV node: Atrioventricular node; AVRT: Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia; AT: Arial tachycardia; PJRT: Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardi; SNRT: Sinus nodal reentrant tachycardia.

Regular Narrow complex tachycardia (QRS≤ 120ms)	Irregular Narrow complex tachycardia (QRS≤ 120ms)	Regular wide QRS tachycardia(QRS>120ms)	Irregular wide QRS tachycardia (QRS>120ms)
Physiologic sinus tachycardia	Atrial fibrillation (AF)	Ventricular tachycardia/flutter	AF or atrial flutter or focal atrial tachycardia with varying block conducted with abrerration
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia	Focal atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter with varying AV block	Antidromic AV re-entrant tachycardia	[[Antidromic AV reentrant tachycardia]] due to nodo-ventricular/fascicular accessory pathway with variable VA conduction
Sinus nodal re-entrant tachycardia	Multifocal atrial tachycardia	Supraventricular tachycardia with aberration/bunddle branch block (preexcisting or rate-dependent tachycardia	pre-excited AF
Focal atrial tachycardia		Atrial or junction tachycardia with preexcitation/bystander accessory pathway	Polymorphic VT
AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia		Supraventricular tachycardia with QRS widening due to electrolyte disturbance or antiarrhythmic drug	Torsade-de pointed
Orthodromic AV re-entrant tachycardia		Ventricular pace rhythm	Ventricular fibrillation
Junctional ectopic tachycardia
Ideopathic VT (high septal VT)

Arrhythmia	Rhythm	Rate	P wave	PR Interval	QRS Complex	Response to Maneuvers	Epidemiology	Co-existing Conditions
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)	Irregularly irregular	On a 10-second 12-lead EKG strip, multiply number of QRS complexes by 6	Absent Fibrillatory waves	Absent	Less than 0.12 seconds, consistent, and normal in morphology in the absence of aberrant conduction	Does not break with adenosine or vagal maneuvers	2.7–6.1 million people in the United States have AFib 2% of people younger than age 65 have AFib, while about 9% of people aged 65 years or older have AFib	Elderly Following bypass surgery Mitral valve disease Hyperthyroidism Diabetes Heart failure Ischemic heart disease Chronic kidney disease Heavy alcohol use Left chamber enlargement
Atrial Flutter	Regular or Irregular	75 (4:1 block), 100 (3:1 block) and 150 (2:1 block) beats per minute (bpm), but 150 is more common	Sawtooth pattern of P waves at 250 to 350 bpm Biphasic deflection in V1	Varies depending upon the magnitude of the block, but is short	Less than 0.12 seconds, consistent, and normal in morphology	Conduction may vary in response to drugs and maneuvers dropping the rate from 150 to 100 or to 75 bpm	Incidence: 88 per 100,000 individuals	Elderly Alcohol
Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)	Regular	140-280 bpm	Slow-Fast AVNRT: Pseudo-S wave in leads II, III, and AVF Pseudo-R' in lead V1. Fast-Slow AVNRT P waves between the QRS and T waves (QRS-P-T complexes) Slow-Slow AVNRT Late P waves after a QRS Often appears as atrial tachycardia. Inverted, superimposed on or buried within the QRS complex (pseudo R prime in V1/pseudo S wave in inferior leads)	Absent (P wave can appear after the QRS complex and before the T wave, and in atypical AVNRT, the P wave can appear just before the QRS complex)	Less than 0.12 seconds, consistent, and normal in morphology in the absence of aberrant conduction QRS alternans may be present	May break with adenosine or vagal maneuvers	60%-70% of all supraventricular tachycardias	Structural heart disease Atrial tachyarrhythmias
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia	Irregular	Atrial rate is > 100 beats per minute	Varying morphology from at least three different foci Absence of one dominant atrial pacemaker, can be mistaken for atrial fibrillation if the P waves are of low amplitude	Variable PR intervals, RR intervals, and PP intervals	Less than 0.12 seconds, consistent, and normal in morphology	Does not terminate with adenosine or vagal maneuvers	0.05% to 0.32% of electrocardiograms in general hospital admissions	Elderly Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia	Regular	150 and 240 bpm	Absent Hidden in QRS	Absent	Narrow complexes (< 0.12 s)	Breaks with vagal maneuvers, adenosine, diving reflex, oculocardiac reflex	Prevalence: 0.023 per 100,000	Alcohol Caffeine Nicotine Psychological stress Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome	Regular	Atrial rate is nearly 300 bpm and ventricular rate is at 150 bpm	With orthodromic conduction due to a bypass tract, the P wave generally follows the QRS complex, whereas in AVNRT, the P wave is generally buried in the QRS complex.	Less than 0.12 seconds	A delta wave and evidence of ventricular pre-excitation if there is conduction to the ventricle via ante-grade conduction down an accessory pathway A delta wave and pre-excitation may not be present because bypass tracts do not conduct ante-grade.	May break in response to procainamide, adenosine, vagal maneuvers	Worldwide prevalence of WPW syndrome is 100 - 300 per 100,000	Ebstein's anomaly Mitral valve prolapse: This cardiac disorder, if present, is associated with left-sided accessory pathways. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: This disorder is associated with familial/inherited form of WPW syndrome. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis Pompe disease Tuberous sclerosis
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)	Irregular	150 to 500 bpm	Absent	Absent	Absent (R on T phenomenon in the setting of ischemia)	Does not break in response to adenosine, vagal maneuvers	Initial rhythm in 23% of out of hospital cardiac arrest	Myocardial ischemia / infarction Cardiomyopathy Long or short QT syndrome Electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia) Aortic stenosis Aortic dissection Myocarditis Blunt trauma (Commotio Cordis) Sepsis Hypothermia Pneumothorax
Ventricular Tachycardia	Regular	> 100 bpm (150-200 bpm common)	Absent	Absent Initial R wave in V1, initial r > 40 ms in V1/V2, notched S in V1, initial R in aVR, lead II R wave peak time ≥50 ms, no RS in V1-V6, and atrioventricular dissociation	Wide complex, QRS duration > 120 milliseconds	Does not break in response to procainamide, adenosine, vagal maneuvers	5-10% of patients presenting with AMI	Coronary artery disease Aortic stenosis Cardiomyopathy Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) Inherited channelopathies (e.g., long-QT syndrome) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Myocardial infarction Torsades de pointes is a form of polymorphic VT that is often associated with a prolonged QT interval