Typhoid fever other diagnostic tests
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Aslam, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Other diagnostic studies associated with typhoid fever include microbial culture, serology and PCR. However, microbial culture is the gold standard tests for diagnosing typhoid fever:[1][2][3][4][3][5][6][4][7][3][6][8][9][10][11]
Other Diagnostic studies
Other diagnostic studies associated with typhoid fever include microbial culture, serology and PCR. However, microbial culture is the gold standard tests for diagnosing typhoid fever:[1][2]
Microscopic diagnosis
Culture
Cultures from the following sites may help establishing the diagnosis.[1][7][3][5][12]
Blood culture
Stool culture
- Positive in 30 percent of the patients with acute typhoid fever.
- May be more effective in children.[3]
Bone marrow culture
Culture from the other sites
Molecular diagnosis
Serology
- Widal Test
- Detection of antibodies against O and H antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype.[8]
- Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values varies in various parts of the world.
- A fourfold rise in antibody titre may be considered positive
- Elisa for Chronic Carriers
- Detects agglutinating antibodies against Vi antigen.
- May help detects chronic carrier state in endemic areas.[13]
- Newer Antibody Tests
PCR
- May help detect S.typhi in culture negative patients with strong clinical suspicion.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ (2002). "Typhoid fever". N Engl J Med. 347 (22): 1770–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMra020201. PMID 12456854.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wain J, Diep TS, Ho VA, Walsh AM, Nguyen TT, Parry CM; et al. (1998). "Quantitation of bacteria in blood of typhoid fever patients and relationship between counts and clinical features, transmissibility, and antibiotic resistance". J Clin Microbiol. 36: 1683–7. PMC 104900. PMID 9620400. Unknown parameter
|obiological issue=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Vallenas C, Hernandez H, Kay B, Black R, Gotuzzo E (1985). "Efficacy of bone marrow, blood, stool and duodenal contents cultures for bacteriologic confirmation of typhoid fever in children". Pediatr Infect Dis. 4 (5): 496–8. PMID 3900945.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gasem MH, Dolmans WM, Isbandrio BB, Wahyono H, Keuter M, Djokomoeljanto R (1995). "Culture of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi from blood and bone marrow in suspected typhoid fever". Trop Geogr Med. 47 (4): 164–7. PMID 8560588.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hoffman SL, Edman DC, Punjabi NH, Lesmana M, Cholid A, Sundah S; et al. (1986). "Bone marrow aspirate culture superior to streptokinase clot culture and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood culture for diagnosis of typhoid fever". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 35 (4): 836–9. PMID 3089041.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Rockhill RC, Sutomo A, Rivai AR, Pulungsih SP (1984). "Duodenal string-capsule culture compared with bone-marrow, blood, and rectal-swab cultures for diagnosing typhoid and paratyphoid fever". J Infect Dis. 149 (2): 157–61. PMID 6421940 PMID: 6421940 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Gilman RH, Terminel M, Levine MM, Hernandez-Mendoza P, Hornick RB (1975). "Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever". Lancet. 1 (7918): 1211–3. PMID 48834.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shukla S, Patel B, Chitnis DS (1997). "100 years of Widal test & its reappraisal in an endemic area". Indian J Med Res. 105: 53–7. PMID 9055495.
- ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 House D, Wain J, Ho VA, Diep TS, Chinh NT, Bay PV; et al. (2001). "Serology of typhoid fever in an area of endemicity and its relevance to diagnosis". J Clin Microbiol. 39 (3): 1002–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.3.1002-1007.2001. PMC 87864. PMID 11230418.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Song JH, Cho H, Park MY, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH (1993). "Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by polymerase chain reaction". J Clin Microbiol. 31 (6): 1439–43. PMC 265558. PMID 8314983.
- ↑ Rubin FA, McWhirter PD, Burr D, Punjabi NH, Lane E, Kumala S; et al. (1990). "Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever through identification of Salmonella typhi within 18 hours of specimen acquisition by culture of the mononuclear cell-platelet fraction of blood". J Clin Microbiol. 28 (4): 825–7. PMC 267809. PMID 2332479.
- ↑ Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M; et al. (1983). "Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area". Lancet. 2 (8347): 441–3. PMID 6192305.
- ↑ Bhutta, Zulfiqar Ahmed, and Naseem Mansurali. "Rapid serologic diagnosis of pediatric typhoid fever in an endemic area: a prospective comparative evaluation of two dot-enzyme immunoassays and the Widal test." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 61.4 (1999): 654-657.