Sudden cardiac death risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Zand, M.D.[2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3] Nehal Eid, M.D.[4]
Overview
Common risk factors related to underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and inherited causes in the development of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) are hypertension, male gender ,diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, older age, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) due to hypoxia, early ventricular fibrillation (VF) (within 48 hours of ACS increasing in-hospital mortality five times), early repolarization patten in early phase of myocardial infarction (MI), and family history of sudden death.
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors related to underlying coronary artery disease and inherited causes in the development of SCA are:[1]
- Hypertension
- Male gender
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperlipidemia
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Older age
- Obstructive sleep apnea due to hypoxia
- Early VF (within 48 hours of ACS increasing in-hospital mortality five times)
- Early repolarization patten in early phase of MI[2]
- Family history of premature death (sudden and unexpected) before age 50 attributed to heart disease in > 1 relative, presence of heart disease in close relative less than age 50, presence of ion channelopathies in family members
Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Young Athletes:
Generally, athletes are considered healthier than young adults in the general population. In studies of children and young adults, incidence of sudden death in athletes was reported to be low at approximately 1 per 100000 person-years.[3],[4] However in a prospective study of 11168 adolescent soccer players (mean age, 16.4 years, 95% male) in the English Football Association cardiac screening program from 1996 through 2016, the incidence of sudden death was 6.8 per 100000 person-years.[5] Most common cause of cardiac arrests in young athletes are:
A meta-analysis evaluating sudden cardiac death etiology in individuals younger than 35 years from 2010 through 2020 demonstrated that the following cardiac conditions were more common among athletes than nonathletes: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(11.9%vs3.9%;P = .002),dilated cardiomyopathy (3.6% vs 0.8%; P = .047), and anomalous coronary arteries (7.2% vs 1.9%; P = .009).[7]
References
- ↑ Adabag AS, Luepker RV, Roger VL, Gersh BJ (April 2010). "Sudden cardiac death: epidemiology and risk factors". Nat Rev Cardiol. 7 (4): 216–25. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2010.3. PMC 5014372. PMID 20142817.
- ↑ Naruse, Yoshihisa; Tada, Hiroshi; Harimura, Yoshie; Hayashi, Mayu; Noguchi, Yuichi; Sato, Akira; Yoshida, Kentaro; Sekiguchi, Yukio; Aonuma, Kazutaka (2012). "Early Repolarization Is an Independent Predictor of Occurrences of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Very Early Phase of Acute Myocardial Infarction". Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. 5 (3): 506–513. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.111.966952. ISSN 1941-3149.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Maron BJ, Haas TS, Murphy CJ, Ahluwalia A, Rutten-RamosS. Incidence and causes of sudden death in U.S. college athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(16):1636-1643. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01. 041
- ↑ Risgaard B, Winkel BG, Jabbari R, et al. Sports-related sudden cardiac death in a competitive and a non competitive athlete population aged 12 to 49 years: data from an unselected nationwide study in Denmark.Heart Rhythm.2014;11(10):1673-1681. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm. 2014.05.026
- ↑ Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Finocchiaro G, et al. Outcomes of cardiac screening in adolescent soccer players. N Engl J Med.2018;379(6):524-534. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714719
- ↑ Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus JL, et al. Etiology of sudden death in sports: insights from a United Kingdom regional registry. J AmColl Cardiol. 2016;67(18):2108-2115. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02. 062
- ↑ D’Ascenzi F, Valentini F, Pistoresi S, et al. Causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes and non-athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis: sudden cardiac death in the young. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2022;32(5):299-308. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.06.001