Sandbox7

Esophageal stricture

Benign

Malignant

GERD

Chemical induced

Iatrogenic

Esophagitis

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)

Esophageal cancer

Malignant transformation due to DC

Extrinsic compression due to malignant tumors

Idiopathic

Drug induced

Infections

Congenital

Eosinophilic

Lymphocytic

Differential diagnosis

Classification of acute abdomen based on etiology Disease Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Comments Symptoms Signs Fever Rigors and chills Abdominal Pain Jaundice Hypo- tension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging Abdominal causes Inflammatory causes Gastric causes Peptic ulcer disease + Diffuse − + + N Ascitic fluid LDH > serum LDH Glucose < 50mg/dl Total protein > 1g/dl Air under diaphragm in upright CXR Upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis Gastritis Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastric outlet obstruction Hepatic causes Viral hepatitis Liver masses Budd-Chiari syndrome Cirrhosis Intestinal causes Acute appendicitis + RLQ − + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite Acute diverticulitis + LLQ ± + − Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Inflammatory bowel disease Irritable bowel syndrome Whipple's disease Toxic megacolon Tropical sprue Celiac disease Pancreato-biliary disorders Acute cholangitis + RUQ + − − N Abnormal LFT Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation Biliary drainage (ERCP) + IV antibiotics Acute cholecystitis + RUQ + − − Hypoactive Hyperbilirubinemia Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation Murphy’s sign Acute pancreatitis + Epigastric ± − − N Increased amylase / lipase Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Pain radiation to back Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Cholelithiasis Peritoneal causes Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis + Diffuse − − − Hypoactive Ascitic fluid PMN>250 cells/mm³ Culture: Positive for single organism Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis Hollow Viscous Obstruction Small intestine obstruction − Diffuse − + ± Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis Abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention Volvulus − Diffuse − + − Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention Biliary colic − RUQ + − − N Increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase Ultrasound Nausea & vomiting Renal colic − Flank pain − − − N Hematuria CT scan and ultrasound Colicky abdominal pain associated with nausea & vomiting Vascular Disorders Ischemic causes Mesenteric ischemia ± Periumbilical − − − Hyperactive Leukocytosis and lactic acidosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting, normal physical examination Acute ischemic colitis ± Diffuse − + + Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting Hemorrhagic causes Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm − Diffuse − − − N Normal CT scan Unstable hemodynamics Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage − Diffuse − − − N Anemia CT scan History of trauma Gynaecological Causes Ovarian Cyst Complications Torsion of the cyst − RLQ / LLQ − ± ± N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting Cyst rupture − RLQ / LLQ − ± ± N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting Pregnancy Ruptured ectopic pregnancy − RLQ / LLQ − − − N Positive pregnancy test Ultrasound History of missed period and vaginal bleeding Acute salpingitis + LLQ/ RLQ − ± ± N Leukocytosis Pelvic ultrasound Vaginal discharge Extra-abdominal causes Pulmonary disorders Pleural empyema Cardiovascular disorders Myocardial Infarction