Renal cell carcinoma medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2]

Overview

The medical therapies of renal cell carcinoma include chemotherapy, hormone treatment, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Medical Therapy

Medical therapy is generally reserved for patients with metastatic disease when surgical management is not feasible. The goal of medical therapy is to achieve an appropriate overall quality of life and to control tumor burden. Most patients who require systemic medical therapy continue treatment chronically.

In summary, the following table shows the response rate of various treatment options for renal cell carcinoma:

Summary of Medical Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma[1]
Objective Response Rate
Hormone Treatment[2] 2%
Chemotherapy[3][4] 5-6&
Aldesleukin (IL2)[5][6] 21-23% at high dose
10% at low dose
Interferon alfa[2][7][8] 10-15%
Sunitinib[9][10][11] 30-45%
Sorafenib[12][13] 30-45%
Bevacizumab[14][15][16] 30-45%
Temsirolimus[17][18] 30-45%
Adapted from Rini BI, Campbell SC, and Escudier B. Renal cell carcinoma.Lancet.2009; 373(9669):1119-32.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is considered the first line therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.[19][20][21][5][6][22]

Targeted therapy

VEGF Neutralizing Antibody

Sunitinib Malate
Sorafenib Tosylate
  • Sorafenib tosylate is a kinase inhibitor of VEGF receptor, often regarded as a weaker inhibitor than sunitinib.
  • Sorafenib has shown approximately a significant additional 3 month progression free survival and similarly, a significant additional median overall survival of approximately 3.4 months.[12]
  • Associated toxicity includes those of sunitinib but at a lesser rate.

Bevacizumab

  • Monoclonal antibody against VEGF considered first line therapy in Europe.[27][1]
  • Response rate and progression free survival are both increased with combination with inferferon.[14]
  • Toxicity includes fatigue, anorexia, hypertension, and proteinuria.[1]
EGFR-Neutralizing Antibody

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are used less frequently than VEGF inhibitors. Examples of EGFR inhibitors are listed below[28]:

mTOR Inhibitors

Temsirolimus

Chemotherapy

  • Vinblastine
    • Vinblastine has shown to be ineffective in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.[33]
    • Combination with other agents has not shown added benefit either.[34]

Hormone Therapy

Medroxyprogesterone

  • Large randomized trials did not yield high responses as anti-tumor effects when used alone or when used with other medications.[33][34]
  • Their role is reserved for palliative care.[2][3][4]

References

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  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Interferon-alpha and survival in metastatic renal carcinoma: early results of a randomised controlled trial. Medical Research Council Renal Cancer Collaborators". Lancet. 353 (9146): 14–7. 1999. PMID 10023944.
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