Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mazia Fatima, MBBS [2]

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome
ICD-10 K63
ICD-9 579.9
DiseasesDB 29209
MedlinePlus 000222
eMedicine med/198 

Synonyms and keywords:SIBO; small bowel bacterial overgrowth.

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Overview

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) was first discovered by Barber and Hummel in 1939. There is no established system for the classification of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).The pathogenesis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized by an increased microbial load in the small intestine. Disruption of protective homeostatic mechanisms can increase the risk of SIBO. Bacterial colonization causes an inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa. Damage to the intestinal mucosa leads to malabsorption of bile acids, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins resulting in symptoms of diarrhea and weight loss. On gross pathology, mucosal edema, loss of normal vascular pattern, patchy erythema, friability and ulceration of the small intestinal wall is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). On microscopic histopathological analysis small intestine and colon are normal in most patients with SIBO. Findings include blunting of the intestinal villi, thinning of the mucosa and crypts, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is more commonly observed among elderly patients. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) affects men and women equally.There is no racial predilection for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Early clinical features include bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain. If left untreated, patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may progress to develop diarrhea, dyspepsia and weight loss. Prognosis is generally good and associated with frequent relapses and symptom-free periods. The diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is made when at least one of the following diagnostic criteria are met: a positive carbohydrate breath test or bacterial concentration of >103 units/mL in a jejunal aspirate culture. Physical examination may be remarkable for distended abdomen with positive succussion splash as a result of distended bowel loops and peripheral edema due to malabsorption. Small intestinal bacterial obstruction(SIBO) may also be diagnosed using breath tests. The mainstay of therapy for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is antibiotic therapy. Surgical approach can only be performed for patients with strictures, fistulae, and diverticula or any other structural abnormality resulting in obstruction and resultant bacterial overgrowth. Effective measures for the prevention of small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome include avoiding medications like narcotics and benzodiazepines that decrease intestinal motility and avoid achlorhydria in high-risk patients. Consider antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with four or more episodes of recurrent small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome within one year.

Historical Perspective

Classification

  • There is no established system for the classification of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth from other Diseases

  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) must be differentiated from other diseases that cause chronic diarrhea. For differential diagnosis of chronic diarrhoea, click here.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is more commonly observed among elderly patients.

Gender

  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) affects men and women equally.

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

Symptoms

  • Symptoms of small intestinal bacterial overdose (SIBO) may include the following:

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Imaging Findings

  • The CT abdomen or MRI may demonstrate associated strictures, malrotation, fistulae.
  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth can result in small bowel obstruction that presents as small bowel feces sign on abdominal CT.
  • Small bowel feces sign is the presence of particulate feculent material mingled with gas bubbles in the lumen of the small intestine, it is believed to be the result of delayed intestinal transit.
Small bowel faeces signCase courtesy of Dr Ian Bickle, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/29769">rID: 29769</a>

Other Diagnostic Studies

Breath Tests

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

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