Glucocerebrosidase: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox gene}}
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'''β-Glucocerebrosidase''' (also called '''acid β-glucosidase''', '''D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase''', or '''GCase''') is an [[enzyme]] with [[glucosylceramidase]] activity ({{EC number|3.2.1.45}}) that is needed to cleave, by [[hydrolysis]], the [[glycosidic bond|beta-glucosidic linkage]] of the chemical [[glucocerebroside]], an intermediate in [[glycolipid]] metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vielhaber G, Pfeiffer S, Brade L, Lindner B, Goldmann T, Vollmer E, Hintze U, Wittern KP, Wepf R | title = Localization of ceramide and glucosylceramide in human epidermis by immunogold electron microscopy | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 117 | issue = 5 | pages = 1126–36 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11710923 | doi = 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01527.x }}</ref> It is localized in the [[lysosome]], where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rijnboutt S, Aerts HM, Geuze HJ, Tager JM, Strous GJ | title = Mannose 6-phosphate-independent membrane association of cathepsin D, glucocerebrosidase, and sphingolipid-activating protein in HepG2 cells | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 266 | issue = 8 | pages = 4862–8 | date = March 1991 | pmid = 1848227 }}</ref> β-Glucocerebrosidase is 497 amino acids in length and has a molecular weight of 59700 [[atomic mass unit|Daltons]].
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
== Structure ==
{{GNF_Protein_box
β-Glucocerebrosidase is a member of the [[glycoside hydrolase family 30]] and consists of three distinct domains (I-III).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lieberman RL | title = A Guided Tour of the Structural Biology of Gaucher Disease: Acid-β-Glucosidase and Saposin C | journal = Enzyme Research | volume = 2011 | pages = 1–15 | date = 2011 | pmid = 22145077 | pmc = 3226326 | doi = 10.4061/2011/973231 }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" widths="300" heights="230" perrow="2">
| image = PBB_Protein_GBA_image.jpg
File:Structure of human beta-glucocerebrosidase @.png|Three-dimensional PyMol rendering of glucocerebrosidase with three domains highlighted.
| image_source = Acid &beta;-glucosidase, drawn from {{PDB|1OGS}}.
File:Glucocerebrosidase active site.png|Three-dimensional PyMol rendering of glucocerebrosidase with catalytic residues highlighted.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1ogs}}, {{PDB2|1y7v}}, {{PDB2|2f61}}, {{PDB2|2j25}}, {{PDB2|2nsx}}, {{PDB2|2nt0}}, {{PDB2|2nt1}}
</gallery>Domain I (residues 1–27 and 383–414) forms a three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. This domain contains two disulfide bridges that are necessary for correct folding, as well as a glycosylated residue (Asn19) that is required for catalytic activity ''in vivo.'' Domain II (residues 30–75 and 431–497) consists of two β-sheets that resemble an [[immunoglobulin domain|immunoglobulin fold]]. Domain III (residues 76–381 and 416–430) is homologous to a [[TIM barrel]] and is a highly conserved domain among [[glycoside hydrolase]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rigden DJ, Jedrzejas MJ, de Mello LV | title = Identification and analysis of catalytic TIM barrel domains in seven further glycoside hydrolase families | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 544 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 103–11 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12782298 }}</ref> Domain III harbors the active site, which binds the substrate [[glucocerebroside]] in close proximity to the catalytic residues E340 and E235. Domains I and III are tightly associated, while domains II and III are joined by a disordered linker.<ref name=":0" />
| Name = Glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase)
| HGNCid = 4177
| Symbol = GBA
| AltSymbols =; GBA1; GCB; GLUC
| OMIM = 606463
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 68040
| MGIid = 95665
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_GBA_209093_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_GBA_210589_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003824 |text = catalytic activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004348 |text = glucosylceramidase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016798 |text = hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043169 |text = cation binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005764 |text = lysosome}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016020 |text = membrane}}
  | Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005975 |text = carbohydrate metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006629 |text = lipid metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006665 |text = sphingolipid metabolic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007040 |text = lysosome organization and biogenesis}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008152 |text = metabolic process}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
    | Hs_EntrezGene = 2629
    | Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000177628
    | Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000148
    | Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000157
    | Hs_GenLoc_db = 
    | Hs_GenLoc_chr = 1
    | Hs_GenLoc_start = 153470867
    | Hs_GenLoc_end = 153481112
    | Hs_Uniprot = P04062
    | Mm_EntrezGene = 14466
    | Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000028048
    | Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_001077411
    | Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_001070879
    | Mm_GenLoc_db =
    | Mm_GenLoc_chr = 3
    | Mm_GenLoc_start = 89288855
    | Mm_GenLoc_end = 89294608
    | Mm_Uniprot = Q78NR7
  }}
}}
__NOTOC__
'''Glucocerebrosidase''' (also called glucosylceramidase, β-glucosidase, or D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase) is an [[enzyme]] ({{EC number|3.2.1.45}}) that is needed to cleave, by [[hydrolysis]], the beta-glucosidic linkage of the chemical [[glucocerebroside]], an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism. It is localized in the [[lysosome]] and has a molecular weight of 59700 Daltons.  


Mutations in the gene cause [[Gaucher disease]], a [[lysosomal storage disease]] characterized by an accumulation of glucocerebrosides. A related [[pseudogene]] is approximately 12 kb downstream of this gene on [[chromosome 1]]. [[Alternative splicing]] results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GBA glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2629| accessdate = }}</ref>
== Mechanism ==
[[Crystal structure]]s indicate that β-glucocerebrosidase binds the [[glucose]] moiety and adjacent [[O-glycoside|O-glycosydic bond]] of glucocerebroside. The two aliphatic chains of glucocerebroside may remain associated with the lysosomal bilayer or interact with the activating protein [[Saposin protein domain|Saposin C.]]<ref name=":0" />


==See also==
Consistent with other glycoside hydrolases, the mechanism of glucocerebroside [[hydrolysis]] by β-glucocerebrosidase involves [[Acid catalysis|acid/base catalysis]] by two [[glutamic acid]] residues (E340 and E235) and precedes through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, E340 performs a [[nucleophilic attack]] at the carbon of the O-glycosidic linkage to displace the [[sphingosine]] moiety, which is simultaneously protonated by E235 as it is released from the active site. In the second step, glucose is hydrolyzed from the E340 residue to regenerate the active enzyme.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vocadlo DJ, Davies GJ, Laine R, Withers SG | title = Catalysis by hen egg-white lysozyme proceeds via a covalent intermediate | journal = Nature | volume = 412 | issue = 6849 | pages = 835–8 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11518970 | doi = 10.1038/35090602 }}</ref>
* [[Imiglucerase]]
* [[Beta-glucosidase]]


==References==
== Properties ==
{{reflist|2}}
β-Glucocerebrosidase is maximally active at pH 5.5,  the pH of the lysosomal compartment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinclair G, Pfeifer TA, Grigliatti TA, Choy FY | title = Secretion of human glucocerebrosidase from stable transformed insect cells using native signal sequences | journal = Biochemistry and Cell Biology | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 148–56 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16609695 | doi = 10.1139/o05-165 }}</ref> Within the lysosome, GCase remains associated with the membrane, where it binds and degrades its substrate [[glucocerebroside]] (GluCer). GCase requires the activating protein Sapocin C as well as negatively charged lipids for maximal catalytic activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aerts JM, Sa Miranda MC, Brouwer-Kelder EM, Van Weely S, Barranger JA, Tager JM | title = Conditions affecting the activity of glucocerebrosidase purified from spleens of control subjects and patients with type 1 Gaucher disease | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1041 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 | date = October 1990 | pmid = 2223847 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weiler S, Kishimoto Y, O'Brien JS, Barranger JA, Tomich JM | title = Identification of the binding and activating sites of the sphingolipid activator protein, saposin C, with glucocerebrosidase | journal = Protein Science | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–64 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7613473 | pmc = 2143096 | doi = 10.1002/pro.5560040415 }}</ref> The role of Sapocin C is not known; however, it is shown to bind both the lysosomal membrane and the lipid moieties of GluCer, and therefore may recruit GluCer to the active site of the enzyme.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alattia JR, Shaw JE, Yip CM, Privé GG | title = Direct visualization of saposin remodelling of lipid bilayers | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 362 | issue = 5 | pages = 943–53 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 16949605 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tamargo RJ, Velayati A, Goldin E, Sidransky E | title = The role of saposin C in Gaucher disease | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 106 | issue = 3 | pages = 257–63 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22652185 | pmc = 3534739 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.024 }}</ref>


==Further reading==
β-Glucocerebrosidase is specifically and [[Irreversible enzyme inhibitor|irreversibly inhibited]] by the glucose analog Conduritol B epoxide.  Conduritol B epoxide binds to the GCase active site, where the enzyme cleaves its [[epoxide]] ring, forming a permanent [[covalent bond]] between the enzyme and the inhibitor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogawa S, Uetsuki S, Tezuka Y, Morikawa T, Takahashi A, Sato K | title = Synthesis and evaluation of glucocerebrosidase inhibitory activity of anhydro deoxyinositols from (+)-epi- and (-)-vibo-quercitols | journal = Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 1493–8 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10386923 }}</ref>
{{refbegin | 2}}
 
{{PBB_Further_reading
GCase is the one of the few  lysosomal enzymes that does not follow the [[Mannose 6-phosphate receptor|mannose-6-phosphate pathway]] for trafficking to the [[Lysosome|lysosme]]. It is thought to be transported to the lysosome directly from the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] after binding the lysosomal transporter and integral membrane protein LIMPII (Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein II).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhao Y, Ren J, Padilla-Parra S, Fry EE, Stuart DI | title = Lysosome sorting of β-glucocerebrosidase by LIMP-2 is targeted by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | pages = 4321 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25027712 | pmc = 4104448 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5321 }}</ref>
| citations =  
 
*{{cite journal | author=Horowitz M, Zimran A |title=Mutations causing Gaucher disease. |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= 1-11 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8118460 |doi= 10.1002/humu.1380030102 }}
== Clinical significance ==
*{{cite journal | author=Tayebi N, Stone DL, Sidransky E |title=Type 2 gaucher disease: an expanding phenotype. |journal=Mol. Genet. Metab. |volume=68 |issue= 2 |pages= 209-19 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10527671 |doi= 10.1006/mgme.1999.2918 }}
[[Mutation]]s in the glucocerebrosidase [[gene]] cause [[Gaucher's disease]], a [[lysosomal storage disease]] characterized by an accumulation of glucocerebrosides in macrophages that infiltrate many vital organs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mucci JM, Rozenfeld P | title = Pathogenesis of Bone Alterations in Gaucher Disease: The Role of Immune System | journal = Journal of Immunology Research | volume = 2015 | pages = 1–6 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26064996 | pmc = 4433682 | doi = 10.1155/2015/192761 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stirnemann J, Belmatoug N, Camou F, Serratrice C, Froissart R, Caillaud C, Levade T, Astudillo L, Serratrice J, Brassier A, Rose C, Billette de Villemeur T, Berger MG | title = A Review of Gaucher Disease Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatments | journal = International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 441 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28218669 | pmc = 5343975 | doi = 10.3390/ijms18020441 }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, ''et al.'' |title=Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=15 |issue= 2 |pages= 181-8 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10649495 |doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200002)15:2<181::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Caillaud C, Poenaru L |title=[Gaucher's and Fabry's diseases: biochemical and genetic aspects] |journal=J. Soc. Biol. |volume=196 |issue= 2 |pages= 135-40 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12360742 |doi= }}
Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene are also associated with [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kalia LV, Lang AE | title = Parkinson's disease | journal = Lancet | volume = 386 | issue = 9996 | pages = 896–912 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25904081 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3 }}</ref>
*{{cite journal | author=Fabrega S, Durand P, Mornon JP, Lehn P |title=[The active site of human glucocerebrosidase: structural predictions and experimental validations] |journal=J. Soc. Biol. |volume=196 |issue= 2 |pages= 151-60 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12360744 |doi= }}
 
*{{cite journal | author=Alfonso P, Aznarez S, Giralt M, ''et al.'' |title=Mutation analysis and genotype/phenotype relationships of Gaucher disease patients in Spain. |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=52 |issue= 5 |pages= 391-6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17427031 |doi= 10.1007/s10038-007-0135-4 }}
A related [[pseudogene]] is approximately 12 kb downstream of this gene on [[chromosome 1]]. [[Alternative splicing]] results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2629|title=Entrez Gene: GBA glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase)|access-date=}}</ref>
}}
 
== Drugs ==
[[Alglucerase]] (Ceredase) was a version of glucocerebrosidase that was harvested from human [[placental]] [[biological tissue|tissue]] and then modified with enzymes.<ref name=Deegan>{{cite journal | vauthors = Deegan PB, Cox TM | title = Imiglucerase in the treatment of Gaucher disease: a history and perspective | journal = Drug Design, Development and Therapy | volume = 6 | issue =  | pages = 81–106 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22563238 | pmc = 3340106 | doi = 10.2147/DDDT.S14395 }}</ref>  It was approved by the FDA in 1991<ref name="urlwhqlibdoc.who.int">{{cite journal | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/druginfo/DRUG_INFO_5_3_1991_p122-125.pdf | title = Regulatory Matters | journal = WHO Drug Information | year = 1991 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 123–4 }}</ref> and has been withdrawn from the market<ref name="urlEnzyme-replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders">{{cite web | url = http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0442.html | title = Enzyme-replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders | series = Clinical Policy Bulletin Number: 0442 | publisher = Aetna | date = 2014-08-08 }}</ref><ref name="urlwww.fda.gov">{{cite web | url = http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/informationondrugs/ucm300963.pdf | title = FDA Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Product List | publisher = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | series = Additions/Deletions for Prescription Drug Product List | date = March 2012 }}</ref> due to the approval of similar drugs made with [[recombinant DNA]] technology instead of being harvested from tissue; drugs made recombinantly, since there is no concern about diseases being transmitted from the tissue used in harvesting, and are less expensive to manufacture.<ref name=Deegan/>
 
Recombinant glucocerebrosidases used as drugs include:<ref name="pmid23233555">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grabowski GA | title = Gaucher disease and other storage disorders | journal = Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program | volume = 2012 | issue =  | pages = 13–8 | year = 2012 | pmid = 23233555 | doi = 10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.13 | url = http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2012/1/13.long | doi-broken-date = 2018-09-22 }}</ref>
* [[Imiglucerase]] (Cerezyme)<ref name=Deegan/>
* [[Velaglucerase]] (Vpriv)<ref name=Deegan/>
* [[Taliglucerase alfa]] (Elelyso)<ref>{{cite news | last = Yukhananov | first = Anna | name-list-format = vanc | title = U.S. FDA approves Pfizer/Protalix drug for Gaucher | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/health/sns-rt-us-fda-gaucherbre8401jz-20120501,0,5155428.story|access-date=2 May 2012|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=1 May 2012|agency=[[Reuters]]}}{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* Closely related enzymes
** [[GBA2]]: acid β-glucosidase (bile acid), also {{EC number|3.2.1.45}}
** [[GBA3]]: acid β-glucosidase (cytosolic), {{EC number|3.2.1.21}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|32em}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Horowitz M, Zimran A | title = Mutations causing Gaucher disease | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8118460 | doi = 10.1002/humu.1380030102 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tayebi N, Stone DL, Sidransky E | title = Type 2 gaucher disease: an expanding phenotype | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–19 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10527671 | doi = 10.1006/mgme.1999.2918 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229930 | type = Submitted manuscript }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stone DL, Tayebi N, Orvisky E, Stubblefield B, Madike V, Sidransky E | title = Glucocerebrosidase gene mutations in patients with type 2 Gaucher disease | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 181–8 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10649495 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200002)15:2<181::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-S | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1235494 | type = Submitted manuscript }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Caillaud C, Poenaru L | title = [Gaucher's and Fabry's diseases: biochemical and genetic aspects] | journal = Journal de la Societe de Biologie | volume = 196 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–40 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12360742 | doi = 10.1051/jbio/2002196020135 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fabrega S, Durand P, Mornon JP, Lehn P | title = [The active site of human glucocerebrosidase: structural predictions and experimental validations] | journal = Journal de la Societe de Biologie | volume = 196 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–60 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12360744 | doi = 10.1051/jbio/2002196020151 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Alfonso P, Aznarez S, Giralt M, Pocovi M, Giraldo P | title = Mutation analysis and genotype/phenotype relationships of Gaucher disease patients in Spain | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 391–6 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17427031 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-007-0135-4 | author6 = Spanish Gaucher's Disease Registry }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
== External links ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=gaucher  GeneReviews/NCBI/UW/NIH entry on Gaucher disease]
* {{MeshName|Glucocerebrosidase}}
* {{MeshName|Glucocerebrosidase}}
* {{Proteopedia|Acid-beta-glucosidase}}
{{PDB Gallery|geneid=2629}}
{{Sphingolipid metabolism enzymes}}
{{Sugar hydrolases}}
{{Enzymes}}
{{Portal bar|Molecular and Cellular Biology|border=no}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}


[[Category:EC 3.2.1]]
[[Category:EC 3.2.1]]
{{hydrolase-stub}}
{{Sugar hydrolases}}
{{Sphingolipid metabolism enzymes}}
[[he:גלוקוצרברוזידאז]]
[[ja:グルコセレブロシダーゼ]]
[[pt:Glucocerebrosídeo]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 14:02, 6 December 2018

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Identifiers
Aliases
External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
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View/Edit Human

β-Glucocerebrosidase (also called acid β-glucosidase, D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, or GCase) is an enzyme with glucosylceramidase activity (EC 3.2.1.45) that is needed to cleave, by hydrolysis, the beta-glucosidic linkage of the chemical glucocerebroside, an intermediate in glycolipid metabolism that is abundant in cell membranes (particularly skin cells).[1] It is localized in the lysosome, where it remains associated with the lysosomal membrane.[2] β-Glucocerebrosidase is 497 amino acids in length and has a molecular weight of 59700 Daltons.

Structure

β-Glucocerebrosidase is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 30 and consists of three distinct domains (I-III).[3]

Domain I (residues 1–27 and 383–414) forms a three-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. This domain contains two disulfide bridges that are necessary for correct folding, as well as a glycosylated residue (Asn19) that is required for catalytic activity in vivo. Domain II (residues 30–75 and 431–497) consists of two β-sheets that resemble an immunoglobulin fold. Domain III (residues 76–381 and 416–430) is homologous to a TIM barrel and is a highly conserved domain among glycoside hydrolases.[4] Domain III harbors the active site, which binds the substrate glucocerebroside in close proximity to the catalytic residues E340 and E235. Domains I and III are tightly associated, while domains II and III are joined by a disordered linker.[3]

Mechanism

Crystal structures indicate that β-glucocerebrosidase binds the glucose moiety and adjacent O-glycosydic bond of glucocerebroside. The two aliphatic chains of glucocerebroside may remain associated with the lysosomal bilayer or interact with the activating protein Saposin C.[3]

Consistent with other glycoside hydrolases, the mechanism of glucocerebroside hydrolysis by β-glucocerebrosidase involves acid/base catalysis by two glutamic acid residues (E340 and E235) and precedes through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, E340 performs a nucleophilic attack at the carbon of the O-glycosidic linkage to displace the sphingosine moiety, which is simultaneously protonated by E235 as it is released from the active site. In the second step, glucose is hydrolyzed from the E340 residue to regenerate the active enzyme.[3][5]

Properties

β-Glucocerebrosidase is maximally active at pH 5.5, the pH of the lysosomal compartment.[6] Within the lysosome, GCase remains associated with the membrane, where it binds and degrades its substrate glucocerebroside (GluCer). GCase requires the activating protein Sapocin C as well as negatively charged lipids for maximal catalytic activity.[7][8] The role of Sapocin C is not known; however, it is shown to bind both the lysosomal membrane and the lipid moieties of GluCer, and therefore may recruit GluCer to the active site of the enzyme.[9][10]

β-Glucocerebrosidase is specifically and irreversibly inhibited by the glucose analog Conduritol B epoxide. Conduritol B epoxide binds to the GCase active site, where the enzyme cleaves its epoxide ring, forming a permanent covalent bond between the enzyme and the inhibitor.[11]

GCase is the one of the few lysosomal enzymes that does not follow the mannose-6-phosphate pathway for trafficking to the lysosme. It is thought to be transported to the lysosome directly from the endoplasmic reticulum after binding the lysosomal transporter and integral membrane protein LIMPII (Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein II).[12]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene cause Gaucher's disease, a lysosomal storage disease characterized by an accumulation of glucocerebrosides in macrophages that infiltrate many vital organs.[13][14]

Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene are also associated with Parkinson's disease.[15]

A related pseudogene is approximately 12 kb downstream of this gene on chromosome 1. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.[16]

Drugs

Alglucerase (Ceredase) was a version of glucocerebrosidase that was harvested from human placental tissue and then modified with enzymes.[17] It was approved by the FDA in 1991[18] and has been withdrawn from the market[19][20] due to the approval of similar drugs made with recombinant DNA technology instead of being harvested from tissue; drugs made recombinantly, since there is no concern about diseases being transmitted from the tissue used in harvesting, and are less expensive to manufacture.[17]

Recombinant glucocerebrosidases used as drugs include:[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vielhaber G, Pfeiffer S, Brade L, Lindner B, Goldmann T, Vollmer E, Hintze U, Wittern KP, Wepf R (November 2001). "Localization of ceramide and glucosylceramide in human epidermis by immunogold electron microscopy". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 117 (5): 1126–36. doi:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01527.x. PMID 11710923.
  2. ↑ Rijnboutt S, Aerts HM, Geuze HJ, Tager JM, Strous GJ (March 1991). "Mannose 6-phosphate-independent membrane association of cathepsin D, glucocerebrosidase, and sphingolipid-activating protein in HepG2 cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 4862–8. PMID 1848227.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lieberman RL (2011). "A Guided Tour of the Structural Biology of Gaucher Disease: Acid-β-Glucosidase and Saposin C". Enzyme Research. 2011: 1–15. doi:10.4061/2011/973231. PMC 3226326. PMID 22145077.
  4. ↑ Rigden DJ, Jedrzejas MJ, de Mello LV (June 2003). "Identification and analysis of catalytic TIM barrel domains in seven further glycoside hydrolase families". FEBS Letters. 544 (1–3): 103–11. PMID 12782298.
  5. ↑ Vocadlo DJ, Davies GJ, Laine R, Withers SG (August 2001). "Catalysis by hen egg-white lysozyme proceeds via a covalent intermediate". Nature. 412 (6849): 835–8. doi:10.1038/35090602. PMID 11518970.
  6. ↑ Sinclair G, Pfeifer TA, Grigliatti TA, Choy FY (April 2006). "Secretion of human glucocerebrosidase from stable transformed insect cells using native signal sequences". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 84 (2): 148–56. doi:10.1139/o05-165. PMID 16609695.
  7. ↑ Aerts JM, Sa Miranda MC, Brouwer-Kelder EM, Van Weely S, Barranger JA, Tager JM (October 1990). "Conditions affecting the activity of glucocerebrosidase purified from spleens of control subjects and patients with type 1 Gaucher disease". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1041 (1): 55–63. PMID 2223847.
  8. ↑ Weiler S, Kishimoto Y, O'Brien JS, Barranger JA, Tomich JM (April 1995). "Identification of the binding and activating sites of the sphingolipid activator protein, saposin C, with glucocerebrosidase". Protein Science. 4 (4): 756–64. doi:10.1002/pro.5560040415. PMC 2143096. PMID 7613473.
  9. ↑ Alattia JR, Shaw JE, Yip CM, Privé GG (October 2006). "Direct visualization of saposin remodelling of lipid bilayers". Journal of Molecular Biology. 362 (5): 943–53. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.009. PMID 16949605.
  10. ↑ Tamargo RJ, Velayati A, Goldin E, Sidransky E (July 2012). "The role of saposin C in Gaucher disease". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 106 (3): 257–63. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.024. PMC 3534739. PMID 22652185.
  11. ↑ Ogawa S, Uetsuki S, Tezuka Y, Morikawa T, Takahashi A, Sato K (June 1999). "Synthesis and evaluation of glucocerebrosidase inhibitory activity of anhydro deoxyinositols from (+)-epi- and (-)-vibo-quercitols". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 9 (11): 1493–8. PMID 10386923.
  12. ↑ Zhao Y, Ren J, Padilla-Parra S, Fry EE, Stuart DI (July 2014). "Lysosome sorting of β-glucocerebrosidase by LIMP-2 is targeted by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor". Nature Communications. 5: 4321. doi:10.1038/ncomms5321. PMC 4104448. PMID 25027712.
  13. ↑ Mucci JM, Rozenfeld P (2015). "Pathogenesis of Bone Alterations in Gaucher Disease: The Role of Immune System". Journal of Immunology Research. 2015: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2015/192761. PMC 4433682. PMID 26064996.
  14. ↑ Stirnemann J, Belmatoug N, Camou F, Serratrice C, Froissart R, Caillaud C, Levade T, Astudillo L, Serratrice J, Brassier A, Rose C, Billette de Villemeur T, Berger MG (February 2017). "A Review of Gaucher Disease Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatments". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (2): 441. doi:10.3390/ijms18020441. PMC 5343975. PMID 28218669.
  15. ↑ Kalia LV, Lang AE (August 2015). "Parkinson's disease". Lancet. 386 (9996): 896–912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3. PMID 25904081.
  16. ↑ "Entrez Gene: GBA glucosidase, beta; acid (includes glucosylceramidase)".
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Deegan PB, Cox TM (2012). "Imiglucerase in the treatment of Gaucher disease: a history and perspective". Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 6: 81–106. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S14395. PMC 3340106. PMID 22563238.
  18. ↑ "Regulatory Matters" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 5 (3): 123–4. 1991.
  19. ↑ "Enzyme-replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders". Clinical Policy Bulletin Number: 0442. Aetna. 2014-08-08.
  20. ↑ "FDA Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Product List" (PDF). Additions/Deletions for Prescription Drug Product List. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 2012.
  21. ↑ Grabowski GA (2012). "Gaucher disease and other storage disorders". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2012: 13–8. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.13 (inactive 2018-09-22). PMID 23233555.
  22. ↑ Yukhananov A (1 May 2012). "U.S. FDA approves Pfizer/Protalix drug for Gaucher". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2012.[permanent dead link]

Further reading

External links

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