Germ cell tumor: Difference between revisions
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==[[Germ cell tumor risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | ==[[Germ cell tumor risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | ||
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! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Germ cell tumor}} | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" rowspan=1 | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Risk factors}} | |||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Ovarian germ cell tumor<ref name="PleskacovaHersmus20102">{{cite journal|last1=Pleskacova|first1=J.|last2=Hersmus|first2=R.|last3=Oosterhuis|first3=J.W.|last4=Setyawati|first4=B.A.|last5=Faradz|first5=S.M.|last6=Cools|first6=M.|last7=Wolffenbuttel|first7=K.P.|last8=Lebl|first8=J.|last9=Drop|first9=S.L.|last10=Looijenga|first10=L.H.|title=Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Sexual Development|volume=4|issue=4-5|year=2010|pages=259–269|issn=1661-5433|doi=10.1159/000314536}}</ref><ref name="SharpeSkakkebaek20082">{{cite journal|last1=Sharpe|first1=Richard M.|last2=Skakkebaek|first2=Niels E.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=89|issue=2|year=2008|pages=e33–e38|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026}}</ref><ref name="SkakkebækRajpert-De Meyts20012">{{cite journal|last1=Skakkebæk|first1=N.E.|last2=Rajpert-De Meyts|first2=E.|last3=Main|first3=K.M.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=16|issue=5|year=2001|pages=972–978|issn=1460-2350|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.5.972}}</ref><ref name="pmid33903782">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE |title=Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=418–22 |date=April 1988 |pmid=3390378 |pmc=2246577 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid190387642">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K |title=Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–80 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19038764 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="ParkKim20082">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jeong-Yeol|last2=Kim|first2=Dae-Yeon|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Hyeok|last4=Kim|first4=Yong-Man|last5=Kim|first5=Young-Tak|last6=Nam|first6=Joo-Hyun|title=Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–178|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032}}</ref><ref name="wqd2">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref> | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*[[gonadal dysgenesis]] | |||
*[[Maternal]] [[hormonal]] factors: | |||
**[[Maternal]] high [[body mass index]] | |||
** Maternal use of exogenous [[hormones]] | |||
*Other [[reproductive]] factors: | |||
**[[Parity]] | |||
**[[Oral contraceptive]] use | |||
**Age at first and last births | |||
Dysgerminoma: | |||
*[[gonadal dysgenesis]], | |||
*[[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] | |||
*[[gonadoblastoma]].<br /> | |||
* | |||
Mature teratoma: | |||
Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include: | |||
*Old age (> 50 years old) | |||
*Large tumor size (> 10 cm) | |||
*Presence of a solid portion | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;" | Seminoma<ref name="riskfactorsfortesticulargermcelltumotrssnkjb2">Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="seminomariskfactorsmlmn12">Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid179168702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid225084592">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid292626682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid282411062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid265603142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D |title=Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=15 |issue= |pages=897 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26560314 |pmc=4642772 |doi=10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6 |url=}}</ref> | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
Common Risk Factors | |||
*Caucasian race | |||
*[[Undescended testicle]] | |||
*[[Family history]] of [[Testicle|testicular]] [[cancer]] | |||
*Personal history of [[testicular cancer]] (previous tumor in contralateral testis) | |||
*[[Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
* Impaired [[spermatogenesis]] | |||
*[[Hypospadias]] | |||
*[[Testicular]] microlithiasis | |||
*[[Testicular]] [[dysgenesis]] | |||
*[[Testicular]] [[Feminization (biology)|feminization]] | |||
*[[Klinefelter's Syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
Less Common Risk Factors | |||
*[[Infection|Infections]] such as [[HIV]], [[orchitis]] | |||
*History of [[trauma]] | |||
*[[Organ transplant]] [[immunosuppression]] | |||
* Canabis exposure | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Embryonal carcinoma''' ''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
* | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan=1;"|Teratoma''' ''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
* | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Choriocarcinoma''' ''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*'''Maternal''' | |||
*The risk of choriocarcinoma increases progressively in women older than 25 years | |||
*The risk increases more rapidly in women older than 39 years | |||
*The risk is higher for women younger than 20 compared with women aged 20 – 24 years | |||
*History of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease | |||
*Reproductive Factors | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Yolk sac tumor''' ''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
* | |||
|} | |||
'''Risk factors of Ovarian germ cell tumors (Dysgerminoma):''' | |||
*[[Ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] tend to affect individuals with [[gonadal dysgenesis]] at a greater extent.<ref name="PleskacovaHersmus2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pleskacova|first1=J.|last2=Hersmus|first2=R.|last3=Oosterhuis|first3=J.W.|last4=Setyawati|first4=B.A.|last5=Faradz|first5=S.M.|last6=Cools|first6=M.|last7=Wolffenbuttel|first7=K.P.|last8=Lebl|first8=J.|last9=Drop|first9=S.L.|last10=Looijenga|first10=L.H.|title=Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Sexual Development|volume=4|issue=4-5|year=2010|pages=259–269|issn=1661-5433|doi=10.1159/000314536}}</ref> | |||
*[[Maternal]] [[hormonal]] factors are another things associated with the increased [[Risk factors|risk]] of the [[development]] of [[ovarian]] [[germ cell]] [[tumors]] in daughters. These factors include:<ref name="SharpeSkakkebaek2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sharpe|first1=Richard M.|last2=Skakkebaek|first2=Niels E.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects|journal=Fertility and Sterility|volume=89|issue=2|year=2008|pages=e33–e38|issn=00150282|doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026}}</ref><ref name="SkakkebækRajpert-De Meyts2001">{{cite journal|last1=Skakkebæk|first1=N.E.|last2=Rajpert-De Meyts|first2=E.|last3=Main|first3=K.M.|title=Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion|journal=Human Reproduction|volume=16|issue=5|year=2001|pages=972–978|issn=1460-2350|doi=10.1093/humrep/16.5.972}}</ref><ref name="pmid3390378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE |title=Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=418–22 |date=April 1988 |pmid=3390378 |pmc=2246577 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
**[[Maternal]] use of exogenous [[hormones]] (ie, supportive [[hormones]] or [[oral contraceptives]]) | |||
**[[Maternal]] high [[body mass index]] | |||
*Other [[reproductive]] factors also has been observed to be associated with the [[development]] of these [[tumors]] such as: | |||
**[[Parity]] | |||
**[[Oral contraceptive]] use | |||
**Age at first and last births | |||
===Mature teratoma=== | |||
*Common [[risk factors]] in the [[malignant transformation]] of [[Mature cystic teratoma|mature teratoma]] include: | |||
** Old age (> 50 years old)<ref name="pmid19038764">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K |title=Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data |journal=Lancet Oncol. |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1173–80 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19038764 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1 |url=}}</ref> | |||
** Large [[tumor]] size (> 10 cm) | |||
** Presence of a [[solid]] portion<ref name="ParkKim2008">{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Jeong-Yeol|last2=Kim|first2=Dae-Yeon|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Hyeok|last4=Kim|first4=Yong-Man|last5=Kim|first5=Young-Tak|last6=Nam|first6=Joo-Hyun|title=Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–178|issn=03012115|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032}}</ref> | |||
===Dysgerminoma=== | |||
*Common [[risk factors]] in the [[development]] of [[dysgerminoma]] are [[gonadal dysgenesis]], [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[gonadoblastoma]].<ref name="wqd">{{cite book | last = Kliegman | first = Robert | title = Nelson textbook of pediatrics | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4377-0755-7 }}</ref> | |||
'''Risk factors of Testicular germ cell tumors (Seminoma):''' | |||
Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in [[Testicle|testicular]] seminoma include:<ref name="riskfactorsfortesticulargermcelltumotrssnkjb">Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="seminomariskfactorsmlmn1">Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid17916870">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan O, Protheroe A |title=Testis cancer |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=83 |issue=984 |pages=624–32 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17916870 |pmc=2600126 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992 |url=http://pmj.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17916870}}</ref><ref name="pmid22508459">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGlynn KA, Trabert B |title=Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=339–49 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22508459 |pmc=4031676 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2012.61 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29262668">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G |title=Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=61 |pages=104654–104663 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29262668 |pmc=5732834 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.20992 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28241106">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA |title=Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026 |journal=Cancer |volume=123 |issue=12 |pages=2320–2328 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28241106 |pmc=5629636 |doi=10.1002/cncr.30597 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26560314">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D |title=Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=15 |issue= |pages=897 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26560314 |pmc=4642772 |doi=10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6 |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Common Risk Factors=== | |||
* Caucasian race | |||
* [[Undescended testicle]] | |||
* [[Family history]] of [[Testicle|testicular]] [[cancer]] | |||
* Personal history of [[testicular cancer]] (previous tumor in contralateral testis) | |||
* [[Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
* Impaired [[spermatogenesis]] | |||
* [[Hypospadias]] | |||
* [[Testicular]] microlithiasis | |||
* [[Testicular]] [[dysgenesis]] | |||
*[[Testicular]] [[Feminization (biology)|feminization]] | |||
*[[Klinefelter's Syndrome|Klinefelter syndrome]] | |||
===Less Common Risk Factors=== | |||
:*[[Infection|Infections]] such as [[HIV]], [[orchitis]] | |||
:*History of [[trauma]] | |||
:*[[Organ transplant]] [[immunosuppression]] | |||
:*Canabis exposure | |||
==Related chapters== | ==Related chapters== |
Revision as of 14:30, 23 September 2019
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
Germ Cell Tumors Microchapters |
For patient information click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Huda A. Karman, M.D.
Synonyms and keywords: Polyembryoma; Embryonal carcinoma
Overview
A germ-cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells and it can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells can be intragonadal (ovary and testis or extragonadal (may be birth defects resulting from errors during development o f the embryo).
Classification
Germ cell tumors can be classified as follows:
Histologic-based classification
Germ cell tumors | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Germinomatous/Undifferentiated/Immature | Nongerminomatous/Differentiated/Embryonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dysgerminoma(Ovary) | Seminoma(Testis) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Embryonal carcinoma | embryonic tissue | Extraembryonic tissue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Teratoma | Yolk sac tumor | Choriocarcinoma | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Location-based classification, regardless to the histologic findings:
Germ cell tumors | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gonadal | Extragonadal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Located in the gonads
| Located in the midline of the body including:
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Types | Subtypes | Signs and Symptoms | Histopathology | Lab finding | Prognosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germinomatous
/Undifferentiated
|
Seminoma (Testis) |
|
Gross: pale gray to yellow nodules that are uniform or slightly lobulated and often bulge from the cut surface |
|
|
Dysgerminoma (Ovary) |
|
|
|
** Dysgerminoma is radiosensitive. ** Radiotherapy is not anymore the first option of treatment for dysgerminoma considering its association with ovarian failuredevelopment.
| |
Germinomatous/
Differentiated |
Embryonic |
| |||
Teratoma |
|
|
|
| |
Extraembryonic |
|||||
Choriocarcinoma(Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] |
Early Symptoms:
Rare Symptoms:
Late Symptoms
|
Gross pathological:
Microscopic histopathological:
|
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG or b-HCG) is the most common tumor marker test used to diagnose GTD
HCG is markedly elevated (usu. >10,000 IU
|
| |
(Endodermal sinus tumor) |
Symptoms:[9][10]
|
|
|
|
References
- ↑ Signs and symptoms of gestational trophoblastic disease. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/signs-and-symptoms/?region=ns Accessed on October 10, 2015
- ↑ Ober, William B.; Edgcomb, John H.; Price, Edward B. (1971). "THE PATHOLOGY OF CHORIOCARCINOMA". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 172 (10 Physiology a): 299–426. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb34943.x. ISSN 0077-8923.
- ↑ Smith, Harriet O.; Kohorn, Ernest; Cole, Laurence A. (2005). "Choriocarcinoma and Gestational Trophoblastic Disease". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 32 (4): 661–684. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2005.08.001. ISSN 0889-8545.
- ↑ Cellular Classification of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/hp/gtd-treatment-pdq/#section/_5 Accessed on October 8, 2015
- ↑ Young RH, Scully RE (March 1984). "Placental-site trophoblastic tumor: current status". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 27 (1): 248–58. PMID 6200262.
- ↑ Allison KH, Love JE, Garcia RL (December 2006). "Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor: review of a rare neoplasm of the chorionic-type intermediate trophoblast". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130 (12): 1875–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1875:ETTROA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17149967.
- ↑ Diagnosing gestational trophoblastic disease. Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/gestational-trophoblastic-disease/diagnosis/?region=ns Accessed on October 13, 2015
- ↑ Choriocarcinoma. librepathology.org. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Choriocarcinoma Accessed on October 8, 2015
- ↑ Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- ↑ Gershenson DM, Del Junco G, Herson J, Rutledge FN (1983). "Endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary: the M. D. Anderson experience". Obstet Gynecol. 61 (2): 194–202. PMID 6185892.
- ↑ Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- ↑ Talerman A, Haije WG, Baggerman L (1980). "Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in patients with germ cell tumors of the gonads and extragonadal sites: correlation between endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and raised serum AFP". Cancer. 46 (2): 380–5. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19800715)46:2<380::aid-cncr2820460228>3.0.co;2-u. PMID 6155988.
- ↑ Siltanen S, Anttonen M, Heikkilä P, Narita N, Laitinen M, Ritvos O; et al. (1999). "Transcription factor GATA-4 is expressed in pediatric yolk sac tumors". Am J Pathol. 155 (6): 1823–9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65500-9. PMC 1866939. PMID 10595911.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jung SE, Lee JM, Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung JI, Hahn ST (2002). "CT and MR imaging of ovarian tumors with emphasis on differential diagnosis". Radiographics. 22 (6): 1305–25. doi:10.1148/rg.226025033. PMID 12432104.
- ↑ Hung JH, Shen SH, Hung J, Lai CR (2007). "Ultrasound and magnetic resonance images of endodermal sinus tumor". J Chin Med Assoc. 70 (11): 514–8. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(08)70052-2. PMID 18063508.
- ↑ Kato N, Tamura G, Fukase M, Shibuya H, Motoyama T (2003). "Hypermethylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter in testicular yolk sac tumor of infants". Am J Pathol. 163 (2): 387–91. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63668-1. PMC 1868235. PMID 12875960.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Definition of endodermal sinus tumor - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute".
- ↑ Stage Information for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors. http://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/hp/ovarian-germ-cell-treatment-pdq#section/_8. URL Accessed on November 5, 2015
Causes
- The cause of germ cell tumor is not understood fully but there are many risk factors that believed to play a role in the development of germ cell tumors.
Germ cell tumor | causes |
---|---|
General Causes |
|
Dysgerminoma |
|
Seminoma | Common causes
|
Embryonal cell carcinoma |
|
Choriocarcinoma |
|
Yolk sac tumor |
|
Risk Factors
Germ cell tumor | Risk factors |
---|---|
Ovarian germ cell tumor[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] |
Dysgerminoma: Mature teratoma: Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:
|
Seminoma[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] |
Common Risk Factors
Less Common Risk Factors
|
Embryonal carcinoma |
|
Teratoma |
|
Choriocarcinoma |
|
Yolk sac tumor |
|
Risk factors of Ovarian germ cell tumors (Dysgerminoma):
- Ovarian germ cell tumors tend to affect individuals with gonadal dysgenesis at a greater extent.[15]
- Maternal hormonal factors are another things associated with the increased risk of the development of ovarian germ cell tumors in daughters. These factors include:[16][17][18]
- Maternal use of exogenous hormones (ie, supportive hormones or oral contraceptives)
- Maternal high body mass index
- Other reproductive factors also has been observed to be associated with the development of these tumors such as:
- Parity
- Oral contraceptive use
- Age at first and last births
Mature teratoma
- Common risk factors in the malignant transformation of mature teratoma include:
Dysgerminoma
- Common risk factors in the development of dysgerminoma are gonadal dysgenesis, androgen insensitivity syndrome and gonadoblastoma.[21]
Risk factors of Testicular germ cell tumors (Seminoma):
Common risk factors in testicular seminoma include:[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
Common Risk Factors
- Caucasian race
- Undescended testicle
- Family history of testicular cancer
- Personal history of testicular cancer (previous tumor in contralateral testis)
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Impaired spermatogenesis
- Hypospadias
- Testicular microlithiasis
- Testicular dysgenesis
Less Common Risk Factors
- Infections such as HIV, orchitis
- History of trauma
- Organ transplant immunosuppression
- Canabis exposure
Related chapters
External Links
- ↑ Pleskacova, J.; Hersmus, R.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Setyawati, B.A.; Faradz, S.M.; Cools, M.; Wolffenbuttel, K.P.; Lebl, J.; Drop, S.L.; Looijenga, L.H. (2010). "Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4–5): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433.
- ↑ Sharpe, Richard M.; Skakkebaek, Niels E. (2008). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects". Fertility and Sterility. 89 (2): e33–e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026. ISSN 0015-0282.
- ↑ Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion". Human Reproduction. 16 (5): 972–978. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972. ISSN 1460-2350.
- ↑ Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE (April 1988). "Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women". Br. J. Cancer. 57 (4): 418–22. PMC 2246577. PMID 3390378.
- ↑ Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K (December 2008). "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data". Lancet Oncol. 9 (12): 1173–80. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1. PMID 19038764.
- ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
- ↑ Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7.
- ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
- ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
- ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
- ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
- ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
- ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
- ↑ Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D (November 2015). "Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 15: 897. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMC 4642772. PMID 26560314.
- ↑ Pleskacova, J.; Hersmus, R.; Oosterhuis, J.W.; Setyawati, B.A.; Faradz, S.M.; Cools, M.; Wolffenbuttel, K.P.; Lebl, J.; Drop, S.L.; Looijenga, L.H. (2010). "Tumor Risk in Disorders of Sex Development". Sexual Development. 4 (4–5): 259–269. doi:10.1159/000314536. ISSN 1661-5433.
- ↑ Sharpe, Richard M.; Skakkebaek, Niels E. (2008). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects". Fertility and Sterility. 89 (2): e33–e38. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026. ISSN 0015-0282.
- ↑ Skakkebæk, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. (2001). "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion". Human Reproduction. 16 (5): 972–978. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.5.972. ISSN 1460-2350.
- ↑ Walker AH, Ross RK, Haile RW, Henderson BE (April 1988). "Hormonal factors and risk of ovarian germ cell cancer in young women". Br. J. Cancer. 57 (4): 418–22. PMC 2246577. PMID 3390378.
- ↑ Hackethal A, Brueggmann D, Bohlmann MK, Franke FE, Tinneberg HR, Münstedt K (December 2008). "Squamous-cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: systematic review and analysis of published data". Lancet Oncol. 9 (12): 1173–80. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70306-1. PMID 19038764.
- ↑ Park, Jeong-Yeol; Kim, Dae-Yeon; Kim, Jong-Hyeok; Kim, Yong-Man; Kim, Young-Tak; Nam, Joo-Hyun (2008). "Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary: Experience at a single institution". European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 141 (2): 173–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.032. ISSN 0301-2115.
- ↑ Kliegman, Robert (2011). Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-0755-7.
- ↑ Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors. Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Andrew Dixon et al. Radiopaedia 2016. Accessed on February 25, 2016
- ↑ Causes of seminoma. US National Library of Medicine 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001288.htm. Accessed on February 29, 2016
- ↑ Khan O, Protheroe A (October 2007). "Testis cancer". Postgrad Med J. 83 (984): 624–32. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992. PMC 2600126. PMID 17916870.
- ↑ McGlynn KA, Trabert B (April 2012). "Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer". Nat Rev Urol. 9 (6): 339–49. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.61. PMC 4031676. PMID 22508459.
- ↑ Boccellino M, Vanacore D, Zappavigna S, Cavaliere C, Rossetti S, D'Aniello C, Chieffi P, Amler E, Buonerba C, Di Lorenzo G, Di Franco R, Izzo A, Piscitelli R, Iovane G, Muto P, Botti G, Perdonà S, Caraglia M, Facchini G (November 2017). "Testicular cancer from diagnosis to epigenetic factors". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104654–104663. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.20992. PMC 5732834. PMID 29262668.
- ↑ Ghazarian AA, Kelly SP, Altekruse SF, Rosenberg PS, McGlynn KA (June 2017). "Future of testicular germ cell tumor incidence in the United States: Forecast through 2026". Cancer. 123 (12): 2320–2328. doi:10.1002/cncr.30597. PMC 5629636. PMID 28241106.
- ↑ Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D (November 2015). "Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Cancer. 15: 897. doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMC 4642772. PMID 26560314.