Atrial fibrillation pregnancy: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Line 20: Line 20:
==Overview==
==Overview==
==Atrial Fibrillation and Pregnancy==
==Atrial Fibrillation and Pregnancy==
*The presence of [[atrial fibrillation]] is rare in [[pregnancy]] and has an identifiable underlying [[etiology]] such as [[mitral stenosis]], [[congenital heart disease]], or [[hyperthyroidism]]. Therefore in a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] [[patient]] with [[atrial fibrillation]], underlying [[heart]] [[diseases]] should be evaluated first. <ref name="pmid7113941">Whittemore R, Hobbins JC, Engle MA (1982) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7113941 Pregnancy and its outcome in women with and without surgical treatment of congenital heart disease.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 50 (3):641-51. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7113941 7113941]</ref><ref name="pmid2913749">Bryg RJ, Gordon PR, Kudesia VS, Bhatia RK (1989) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2913749 Effect of pregnancy on pressure gradient in mitral stenosis.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 63 (5):384-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2913749 2913749]</ref><ref name="pmid110126">Forfar JC, Miller HC, Toft AD (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=110126 Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of "idiopathic" atrial fibrillation.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 44 (1):9-12. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/110126 110126]</ref><ref name="pmid21252800">{{cite journal| author=DiCarlo-Meacham LA, Dahlke LJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2011 | volume= 117 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 489-492 | pmid=21252800 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820561ef | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21252800 }} </ref>
*Although physiologic changes during [[pregnancy]] cause some [[cardiovascular]] changes that may be [[Cardiac arrhythmia|arrhythmogenic]], [[prevelance]] of [[atrial fibrillation]] is very low among [[pregnancy|pregnant]] [[female|women]].<ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671 }} </ref>
*Based on one study done on [[pregnancy|pregnanct]] [[patients]] with history of [[Rheumatic fever|rheumatic heart disease]], 8% of them had [[atrial fibrillation]] at the onset of [[pregnancy]], nevertheless rate of [[atrial fibrillation]] development after becoming [[pregnancy|pregnanct]] was only 2.5%. <ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref>
*Based on one study done on [[pregnancy|pregnanct]] [[patients]] with history of [[Rheumatic fever|rheumatic heart disease]], 8% of them had [[atrial fibrillation]] at the onset of [[pregnancy]], nevertheless rate of [[atrial fibrillation]] development after becoming [[pregnancy|pregnanct]] was only 2.5%. <ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref>
*The presence of [[atrial fibrillation]] has an identifiable underlying [[etiology]] such as [[mitral stenosis]], [[congenital heart disease]], or [[hyperthyroidism]].<ref name="pmid7113941">Whittemore R, Hobbins JC, Engle MA (1982) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7113941 Pregnancy and its outcome in women with and without surgical treatment of congenital heart disease.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 50 (3):641-51. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7113941 7113941]</ref><ref name="pmid2913749">Bryg RJ, Gordon PR, Kudesia VS, Bhatia RK (1989) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2913749 Effect of pregnancy on pressure gradient in mitral stenosis.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 63 (5):384-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2913749 2913749]</ref><ref name="pmid110126">Forfar JC, Miller HC, Toft AD (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=110126 Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of "idiopathic" atrial fibrillation.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 44 (1):9-12. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/110126 110126]</ref><ref name="pmid21252800">{{cite journal| author=DiCarlo-Meacham LA, Dahlke LJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2011 | volume= 117 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 489-492 | pmid=21252800 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820561ef | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21252800  }} </ref>
*Therefore in a [[pregnancy|pregnant]] [[patient]] with [[atrial fibrillation]], conditions such as underlying [[Congenital disorder|congenital]] [[heart]] [[diseases]], [[valvular heart diseases]], [[electrolyte disturbance]], [hyperthyroidism]] and [[Alcoholism|alcohol abuse]] should be evaluated.<ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11693767">{{cite journal| author=Hameed A, Karaalp IS, Tummala PP, Wani OR, Canetti M, Akhter MW | display-authors=etal| title=The effect of valvular heart disease on maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2001 | volume= 37 | issue= 3 | pages= 893-9 | pmid=11693767 | doi=10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01198-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11693767  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12446072">{{cite journal| author=Autore C, Conte MR, Piccininno M, Bernabò P, Bonfiglio G, Bruzzi P | display-authors=etal| title=Risk associated with pregnancy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2002 | volume= 40 | issue= 10 | pages= 1864-9 | pmid=12446072 | doi=10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02495-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12446072  }} </ref>
*Usage of [[terbutaline]] as a [[tocolytic]] during [[pregnancy]] also could be related to [[atrial fibrillation]] development.<ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12423819">{{cite journal| author=Carson MP, Fisher AJ, Scorza WE| title=Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy associated with oral terbutaline. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2002 | volume= 100 | issue= 5 Pt 2 | pages= 1096-7 | pmid=12423819 | doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02106-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12423819  }} </ref>
*[[Fetus|Fetal]] growth surveillance is critical in [[pregnancy|pregnant]] [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid21252800">{{cite journal| author=DiCarlo-Meacham LA, Dahlke LJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2011 | volume= 117 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 489-492 | pmid=21252800 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820561ef | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21252800  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref>
*[[Fetus|Fetal]] growth surveillance is critical in [[pregnancy|pregnant]] [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid21252800">{{cite journal| author=DiCarlo-Meacham LA, Dahlke LJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2011 | volume= 117 | issue= 2 Pt 2 | pages= 489-492 | pmid=21252800 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820561ef | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21252800  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28496671">{{cite journal| author=Cacciotti L, Passaseo I| title=Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy. | journal=J Atr Fibrillation | year= 2010 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= 295 | pmid=28496671 | doi=10.4022/jafib.295 | pmc=4955905 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28496671  }} </ref>
*[[Digoxin]], [[beta blocker]] or [[CCB|non-dihydropyridine CCB]] may be used to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]].<ref name="pmid7572599">Page RL (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7572599 Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy.] ''Am Heart J'' 130 (4):871-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7572599 7572599]</ref><ref name="pmid9737655">Chow T, Galvin J, McGovern B (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9737655 Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 82 (4A):58I-62I. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/9737655 9737655]</ref><ref name="pmid1721219">O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1721219 A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1721219 1721219]</ref>  
*[[Digoxin]], [[beta blocker]] or [[CCB|non-dihydropyridine CCB]] may be used to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]].<ref name="pmid7572599">Page RL (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7572599 Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy.] ''Am Heart J'' 130 (4):871-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7572599 7572599]</ref><ref name="pmid9737655">Chow T, Galvin J, McGovern B (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9737655 Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 82 (4A):58I-62I. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/9737655 9737655]</ref><ref name="pmid1721219">O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1721219 A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1721219 1721219]</ref>  

Revision as of 20:13, 18 September 2021
Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Sinus rhythm
Atrial fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Special Groups

Postoperative AF
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary Diseases
Pregnancy
ACS and/or PCI or valve intervention
Heart failure

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples
A-Fib with LBBB

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Holter Monitoring and Exercise Stress Testing

Cardiac MRI

Treatment

Rate and Rhythm Control

Cardioversion

Overview
Electrical Cardioversion
Pharmacological Cardioversion

Anticoagulation

Overview
Warfarin
Converting from or to Warfarin
Converting from or to Parenteral Anticoagulants
Dabigatran

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm

Surgery

Catheter Ablation
AV Nodal Ablation
Surgical Ablation
Cardiac Surgery

Specific Patient Groups

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Supportive Trial Data

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Atrial fibrillation pregnancy On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Atrial fibrillation pregnancy

CDC on Atrial fibrillation pregnancy

Atrial fibrillation pregnancy in the news

Blogs on Atrial fibrillation pregnancy

Directions to Hospitals Treating Atrial fibrillation pregnancy

Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation pregnancy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Atrial Fibrillation and Pregnancy

2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[14]

Pregnancy (DO NOT EDIT) [14]

Class I
"1. Digoxin, beta blockers, or non dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists are recommended to control the rate of ventricular response in pregnant patients with atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Direct-current cardioversion is recommended in pregnant patients who become hemodynamically unstable due to atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"3. Protection against thromboembolism is recommended throughout pregnancy for all patients with atrial fibrillation (except those with lone atrial fibrillation and/or low thromboembolic risk). Therapy (anticoagulant or aspirin) should be chosen according to the stage of pregnancy. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIb
"1. Administration of heparin may be considered during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy for patients with atrial fibrillation and risk factors for thromboembolism. Unfractionated heparin may be administered either by continuous intravenous infusion in a dose sufficient to prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time to 1.5 to 2 times the control value or by intermittent subcutaneous injection in a dose of 10 000 to 20 000 units every 12 h, adjusted to prolong the mid-interval (6 h after injection) activated partial thromboplastin time to 1.5 times control. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Despite the limited data available, subcutaneous administration of low-molecular-weight heparin may be considered during the first trimester and last month of pregnancy for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and risk factors for thromboembolism. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. Administration of an oral anticoagulant may be considered during the second trimester for pregnant patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at high thromboembolic risk. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"4. Administration of quinidine or procainamide may be considered to achieve pharmacological cardioversion in hemodynamically stable patients who develop atrial fibrillation (AF) during pregnancy. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Sources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Cacciotti L, Passaseo I (2010). "Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Pregnancy". J Atr Fibrillation. 3 (3): 295. doi:10.4022/jafib.295. PMC 4955905. PMID 28496671.
  2. ↑ Whittemore R, Hobbins JC, Engle MA (1982) Pregnancy and its outcome in women with and without surgical treatment of congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 50 (3):641-51. PMID: 7113941
  3. ↑ Bryg RJ, Gordon PR, Kudesia VS, Bhatia RK (1989) Effect of pregnancy on pressure gradient in mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 63 (5):384-6. PMID: 2913749
  4. ↑ Forfar JC, Miller HC, Toft AD (1979) Occult thyrotoxicosis: a correctable cause of "idiopathic" atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 44 (1):9-12. PMID: 110126
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 DiCarlo-Meacham LA, Dahlke LJ (2011). "Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol. 117 (2 Pt 2): 489–492. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31820561ef. PMID 21252800.
  6. ↑ Hameed A, Karaalp IS, Tummala PP, Wani OR, Canetti M, Akhter MW; et al. (2001). "The effect of valvular heart disease on maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 37 (3): 893–9. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01198-0. PMID 11693767.
  7. ↑ Autore C, Conte MR, Piccininno M, Bernabò P, Bonfiglio G, Bruzzi P; et al. (2002). "Risk associated with pregnancy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 40 (10): 1864–9. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02495-6. PMID 12446072.
  8. ↑ Carson MP, Fisher AJ, Scorza WE (2002). "Atrial fibrillation in pregnancy associated with oral terbutaline". Obstet Gynecol. 100 (5 Pt 2): 1096–7. doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02106-3. PMID 12423819.
  9. ↑ Page RL (1995) Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Am Heart J 130 (4):871-6. PMID: 7572599
  10. ↑ Chow T, Galvin J, McGovern B (1998) Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Cardiol 82 (4A):58I-62I. PMID: 9737655
  11. ↑ O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: 1721219
  12. ↑ Vaughan Williams EM (1984) A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs. J Clin Pharmacol 24 (4):129-47. PMID: 6144698
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol. 57 (11): e101–98. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013. PMID 21392637.
  15. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  16. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

CME Category::Cardiology

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Atrial_fibrillation_pregnancy&oldid=1714272"