Acute liver failure causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Acute liver failure}}
{{Acute liver failure}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{HS}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
There are various causes that can lead to the development of acute liver failure, the most common of which is [[acetaminophen]] overdose, usually as a consequence of attempted suicide. Other toxins such as alcohol, poisonous mushrooms, and other medications can also lead to the development of acute liver failure. It can also be idiopathic, or as a consequence of other diseases or conditions such as; [[Wilson's disease]], [[autoimmune hepatitis]], [[Reye syndrome]], [[viral hepatitis]], [[parvovirus B19]] infection, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
The causes of acute liver failure can be categorized into [[viral]], [[drugs]] and [[toxins]], [[vascular]], and [[metabolic]]. Common causes of acute liver failure include [[acetaminophen]] toxicity, [[viral hepatitis]] (most commonly [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis E]]), [[alcoholic hepatitis]], [[autoimmune]], [[sepsis]], [[right heart failure]], and [[idiopathic]]. [[Acetaminophen]] toxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the developed world and [[viral hepatitis]] (most commonly [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis E]]) is most common in the developing world.
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Acetaminophen]] overdose is the most common cause. The reason is usually suicidal intent. Additionally, the toxic threshold dose of acetaminophen decreases in some cases such as in chronic [[alcoholics]], [[diabetics]], and while fasting.
The common causes of acute liver failure are:<ref name="pmid18825677">{{cite journal| author=Ichai P, Samuel D| title=Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. | journal=Liver Transpl | year= 2008 | volume= 14 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= S67-79 | pmid=18825677 | doi=10.1002/lt.21612 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18825677  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12484709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM |title=Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=137 |issue=12 |pages=947–54 |year=2002 |pmid=12484709 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23013075">{{cite journal| author=Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH| title=Hepatitis E. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 13 | pages= 1237-44 | pmid=23013075 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1204512 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16775039">{{cite journal| author=Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP| title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination. | journal=Epidemiol Rev | year= 2006 | volume= 28 | issue=  | pages= 101-11 | pmid=16775039 | doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16775039  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12484709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM |title=Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=137 |issue=12 |pages=947–54 |year=2002 |pmid=12484709 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16025496">{{cite journal| author=Björnsson E, Olsson R| title=Outcome and prognostic markers in severe drug-induced liver disease. | journal=Hepatology | year= 2005 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 481-9 | pmid=16025496 | doi=10.1002/hep.20800 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16025496  }} </ref>
* Idiosyncratic reactions to medication is the second most common cause. Culprit drugs are: [[tetracycline]], [[troglitazone]], antituberculosis drugs, and [[anti-epileptic]] drugs
* [[Acetaminophen]] overdose, the reason is usually suicidal intent. Additionally, the toxic threshold dose of [[acetaminophen]] decreases in some cases, such as in chronic alcoholics, [[diabetics]], and while fasting. Drug-induced acute liver failure is the most common cause in the developed world. It is responsible for more than 50% of the cases of acute liver failure in the United States.
* Excessive alcohol intake and severe [[alcoholic hepatitis]]
* Idiosyncratic reactions to medications such as [[tetracycline]], [[troglitazone]], [[Antituberculosis|antituberculosis drugs]], and [[anti-epileptic]] drugs
* Viral hepatitis ([[hepatitis A]] or [[hepatitis B|B]]). The incidences of acute liver failure in post-viral hepatitis has decreased due to the extensive vaccination against these infections.
* Viral hepatitis ([[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B|B]] and [[hepatitis E]]) are the most common. The incidence of acute liver failure in post-viral hepatitis has decreased due to the vaccination and improved sanitation in the developed world. However, it is still the most common cause in the developing world.
* [[Alcohol]]
* [[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
* [[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
* [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
* [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
* [[Reye syndrome]] is acute liver failure in a child with a viral infection (e.g. [[chickenpox]]); it appears that [[aspirin]] use may play a significant role
* [[Reye syndrome]]  
* [[Wilson's disease]] (hereditary copper accumulation) may infrequently present with acute liver failure
* [[Wilson's disease]]  
* [[Idiopathic]] (without an obvious cause)
* [[Idiopathic]] (without an obvious cause)
* Diseases of fatty acid oxidation pathways
* Diseases of [[fatty acid oxidation pathways]]
* [[Parvovirus B19]] infection
* [[Parvovirus B19]] infection
* [[Budd–Chiari syndrome]]
* [[Budd–Chiari syndrome]]
* [[Malignancy]] such as [[lymphomas]]
* [[Malignancy]] such as [[lymphomas]]
* [[Shock]]
* [[Shock]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Hyperthermia]]
* [[Hyperthermia]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[HELP syndrome]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
 
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[Hypotension]], [[Myocarditis]], [[Shock]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]], [[Hypotension]], [[Myocarditis]], [[Shock]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[8-Hyydroxyquinoline]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Amatoxins]], [[Carbon tetrachloride]], [[Ethanol]], [[Gold]], [[Gyromitrin]], [[Iron compounds]], [[Mushroom poisoning]], [[Senecio]], [[Toluene]], [[Yellow phosphorous]], [[Bacillus cereus ]], [[Cyanobacteria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[8-Hyydroxyquinoline]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Amatoxins]], [[Carbon tetrachloride]], [[Ethanol]], [[Gold]], [[Gyromitrin]], [[Iron compounds]], [[Mushroom poisoning]], [[Senecio]], [[Toluene]], [[Yellow phosphorous]], [[Bacillus cereus ]] , [[Cyanobacteria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Ampicillin-clavulanate]], [[Anticonvulsants]], [[Antitubercular drugs]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Bromfenac ]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chaparral]], [[Chelidonium]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Comfrey]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Didanosine]], [[Dideoxyinosine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Ephedra]], [[Erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin]], [[Etodolac]], [[Fluoroquinolones]], [[Flutamide]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Germander tea]], [[Ginseng]], [[Halothane]], [[He Shou Wu]], [[Imipramine]], [[Interferon beta]], [[Isoflurane]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Kava kava]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Labetalol]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Ma Huang]], [[MAO inhibitors]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Nevirapine]], [[Nicotinic acid]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oral contraceptive pills ]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pemoline]], [[Pennyroyal]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Propylthiouracil]], [[Pyrazinamide]], [[Regorafenib]], [[Rifampin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Skull cap]], [[Statins]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Suloctidil]], [[Terbinafine]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Teucrium polium]], [[Tolcapone]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Cocaine]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abacavir]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Acetaminophen and Oxycodone]], [[Albendazole]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Amoxicillin-clavulanate]], [[Anticonvulsants]], [[Antituberculosis drugs]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Bromfenac ]] , [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chaparral]], [[Chelidonium]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Comfrey]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[diclofenac (patch)]], [[Didanosine]], [[Dideoxyinosine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Ephedra]], [[Erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin]], [[Etodolac]], [[Fluoroquinolones]], [[Flutamide]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Germander tea]], [[Ginseng]], [[Halothane]], [[He Shou Wu]], [[Hydroxychloroquine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Interferon beta]], [[Isoflurane]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Kava kava]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Labetalol]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Loratadine]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Ma Huang]], [[MAO inhibitors]], [[Meloxicam]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Niacin]], [[Nevirapine]], [[Nicotinic acid]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oral contraceptive pills ]] , [[Pazopanib]], [[Pemoline]], [[Pennyroyal]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Propylthiouracil]], [[Pyrazinamide]], [[Regorafenib]], [[Rifampin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Skull cap]], [[Statins]], [[Sulfacetamide]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Suloctidil]], [[Terbinafine]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Teucrium polium]], [[Tolcapone]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Cocaine]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Hepatic arterial thrombosis]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease]], [[Ischemic hepatitis]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Liver tumor]], [[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Hepatic arterial thrombosis]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease]], [[Ischemic hepatitis]], [[Portal vein thrombosis]], [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Liver tumor]], [[Autoimmune hepatitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[LCAT deficiency]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's disease]], [[HELLP syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[LCAT deficiency]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's disease]], [[HELLP syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemosiderosis]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Leukemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hemosiderosis]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[HELLP syndrome]], [[Leukemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]], [[Hepatectomy]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]], [[Hepatectomy]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adenovirus]], [[Bacillus cereus ]], [[Cyanobacteria]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Echovirus]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[Fasciola hepatica]], [[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Hepatitis C]], [[Hepatitis D]], [[Herpes simplex]], [[Leptospirosis]], [[Non A non B hepatitis ]], [[Parainfluenza viruses]], [[Parvovirus]], [[Sepsis]], [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]], [[Viral hepatitis]], [[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adenovirus]], [[Bacillus cereus ]] , [[Cyanobacteria]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Echovirus]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[Fasciola hepatica]], [[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Hepatitis C]], [[Hepatitis D]], [[Herpes simplex]], [[Leptospirosis]], [[Non A non B hepatitis ]] , [[Parainfluenza viruses]], [[Parvovirus]], [[Sepsis]], [[Viral hemorrhagic fever]], [[Viral hepatitis]], [[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adult onset Still's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adult onset Still's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway diseases]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia]], [[LCAT deficiency]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Fatty acid oxidation pathway diseases]], [[Hemochromatosis]], [[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia]], [[LCAT deficiency]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[HELLP syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[HELLP syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Liver tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Leukemia]], [[Liver tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Ampicillin-clavulanate]], [[Anticonvulsants]], [[Antitubercular drugs]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Bromfenac ]], [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chaparral]], [[Chelidonium]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Comfrey]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Didanosine]], [[Dideoxyinosine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Ephedra]], [[Erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin]], [[Etodolac]], [[Fluoroquinolones]], [[Flutamide]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Germander tea]], [[Ginseng]], [[Halothane]], [[He Shou Wu]], [[Imipramine]], [[Interferon beta]], [[Isoflurane]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Kava kava]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Labetalol]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Ma Huang]], [[MAO inhibitors]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Nevirapine]], [[Nicotinic acid]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oral contraceptive pills ]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pemoline]], [[Pennyroyal]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Propylthiouracil]], [[Pyrazinamide]], [[Regorafenib]], [[Rifampin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Skull cap]], [[Statins]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Suloctidil]], [[Terbinafine]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Teucrium polium]], [[Tolcapone]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Cocaine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abacavir]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Allopurinol]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Ampicillin]], [[Amoxicillin-clavulanate]], [[Anticonvulsants]], [[Antituberculosis drugs]], [[Aspirin]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Bromfenac ]] , [[Carbamazepine]], [[Chaparral]], [[Chelidonium]], [[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Comfrey]], [[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Dantrolene]], [[Dapsone]], [[Didanosine]], [[Dideoxyinosine]], [[Disulfiram]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Efavirenz]], [[Ephedra]], [[Erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin]], [[Etodolac]], [[Fluoroquinolones]], [[Flutamide]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Gemtuzumab]], [[Germander tea]], [[Ginseng]], [[Halothane]], [[He Shou Wu]], [[Imipramine]], [[Interferon beta]], [[Isoflurane]], [[Isoniazid]], [[Kava kava]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Labetalol]], [[Leflunomide]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Ma Huang]], [[MAO inhibitors]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Nevirapine]], [[Nicotinic acid]], [[Nitisinone]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[NSAIDs]], [[Oral contraceptive pills ]] , [[Pazopanib]], [[Pemoline]], [[Pennyroyal]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Propylthiouracil]], [[Pyrazinamide]], [[Regorafenib]], [[Rifampin]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Skull cap]], [[Statins]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Suloctidil]], [[Terbinafine]], [[Tetracycline]], [[Teucrium polium]], [[Tolcapone]], [[Tricyclic antidepressants]], [[Troglitazone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Cocaine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asphyxia]], [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Asphyxia]], [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune hepatitis]], [[Graft versus host disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Autoimmune hepatitis]], [[Graft versus host disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]], [[Cocaine]], [[Cryptogenic]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Hyperthermia]], [[Hypothermia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Alcohol]], [[Cocaine]], [[Cryptogenic]], [[Ecstacy]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Hyperthermia]], [[Hypothermia]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
{{columns-list|
{{MultiCol}}
*[[8-Hyydroxyquinoline]]
*[[8-Hyydroxyquinoline]]
*[[Abacavir]]
*[[Abacavir]]
Line 155: Line 157:
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amoxicillin-clavulanate]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Ampicillin]]
*[[Ampicillin-clavulanate]]
*[[Anticonvulsants]]
*[[Anticonvulsants]]
*[[Antitubercular drugs]]
*[[Antituberculosis drugs]]
*[[Asphyxia]]
*[[Asphyxia]]
*[[Aspirin]]
*[[Aspirin]]
Line 193: Line 195:
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
*[[Erlotinib]]
*[[Erlotinib]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Ethanol]]
*[[Ethanol]]
Line 236: Line 237:
*[[Isoflurane]]
*[[Isoflurane]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Isoniazid]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
*[[Kava kava]]
*[[Kava kava]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
Line 244: Line 246:
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Leukemia]]
*[[Liver tumor]]
*[[Liver tumor]]
*[[Loratadine]]
*[[Lovastatin]]
*[[Lovastatin]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Ma Huang]]
*[[Ma Huang]]
*[[MAO inhibitors]]
*[[MAO inhibitors]]
*[[Meloxicam]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methotrexate]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
Line 254: Line 257:
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Nevirapine]]
*[[Nevirapine]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[Nicotinic acid]]
*[[Nitisinone]]
*[[Nitisinone]]
Line 296: Line 300:
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Yellow phosphorous]]
*[[Yellow phosphorous]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
 
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Organ failure]]
[[Category:Causes of death]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

Latest revision as of 20:04, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]

Overview

The causes of acute liver failure can be categorized into viral, drugs and toxins, vascular, and metabolic. Common causes of acute liver failure include acetaminophen toxicity, viral hepatitis (most commonly hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E), alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune, sepsis, right heart failure, and idiopathic. Acetaminophen toxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the developed world and viral hepatitis (most commonly hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis E) is most common in the developing world.

Causes

Common Causes

The common causes of acute liver failure are:[1][2][3][4][2][5]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cardiomyopathy, Congestive heart failure, Heart surgery, Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Hypotension, Myocarditis, Shock
Chemical / poisoning 8-Hyydroxyquinoline, Amanita phalloides, Amatoxins, Carbon tetrachloride, Ethanol, Gold, Gyromitrin, Iron compounds, Mushroom poisoning, Senecio, Toluene, Yellow phosphorous, Bacillus cereus , Cyanobacteria
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Abacavir, Acetaminophen, Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Albendazole, Allopurinol, Amiodarone, Amitriptyline, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, Anticonvulsants, Antituberculosis drugs, Aspirin, Atorvastatin, Bromfenac , Carbamazepine, Chaparral, Chelidonium, Ciprofloxacin, Comfrey, Cyclophosphamide, Dantrolene, Dapsone, diclofenac (patch), Didanosine, Dideoxyinosine, Disulfiram, Doxycycline, Efavirenz, Ephedra, Erlotinib, Erythromycin, Etodolac, Fluoroquinolones, Flutamide, Gemtuzumab, Gemtuzumab, Germander tea, Ginseng, Halothane, He Shou Wu, Hydroxychloroquine, Imipramine, Interferon beta, Isoflurane, Isoniazid, Ixabepilone, Kava kava, Ketoconazole, Labetalol, Leflunomide, Loratadine, Lovastatin, Ma Huang, MAO inhibitors, Meloxicam, Methotrexate, Methyldopa, Moxifloxacin, Niacin, Nevirapine, Nicotinic acid, Nitisinone, Nitrofurantoin, Nortriptyline, NSAIDs, Oral contraceptive pills , Pazopanib, Pemoline, Pennyroyal, Phenytoin, Propylthiouracil, Pyrazinamide, Regorafenib, Rifampin, Simvastatin, Skull cap, Statins, Sulfacetamide, Sulfasalazine, Suloctidil, Terbinafine, Tetracycline, Teucrium polium, Tolcapone, Tricyclic antidepressants, Troglitazone, Valproic acid, Ecstacy, Cocaine, Reye's syndrome
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Budd-Chiari syndrome, Cirrhosis, Hepatic arterial thrombosis, Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Ischemic hepatitis, Portal vein thrombosis, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Liver tumor, Autoimmune hepatitis
Genetic Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency, Fructose intolerance, Galactosemia, Hemochromatosis, LCAT deficiency, Sickle cell disease, Tyrosinemia, Wilson's disease, HELLP syndrome
Hematologic Hemosiderosis, Hemochromatosis, Sickle cell disease, HELLP syndrome, Leukemia
Iatrogenic Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Hepatectomy, Reye's syndrome
Infectious Disease Adenovirus, Bacillus cereus , Cyanobacteria, Cytomegalovirus, Echovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Fasciola hepatica, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Herpes simplex, Leptospirosis, Non A non B hepatitis , Parainfluenza viruses, Parvovirus, Sepsis, Viral hemorrhagic fever, Viral hepatitis, Visceral leishmaniasis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Adult onset Still's disease
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Fatty acid oxidation pathway diseases, Hemochromatosis, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency, Fructose intolerance, Galactosemia, LCAT deficiency, Tyrosinemia, Wilson's disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, HELLP syndrome
Oncologic Leukemia, Liver tumor
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Abacavir, Acetaminophen, Allopurinol, Amiodarone, Amitriptyline, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, Anticonvulsants, Antituberculosis drugs, Aspirin, Atorvastatin, Bromfenac , Carbamazepine, Chaparral, Chelidonium, Ciprofloxacin, Comfrey, Cyclophosphamide, Dantrolene, Dapsone, Didanosine, Dideoxyinosine, Disulfiram, Doxycycline, Efavirenz, Ephedra, Erlotinib, Erythromycin, Etodolac, Fluoroquinolones, Flutamide, Gemtuzumab, Gemtuzumab, Germander tea, Ginseng, Halothane, He Shou Wu, Imipramine, Interferon beta, Isoflurane, Isoniazid, Kava kava, Ketoconazole, Labetalol, Leflunomide, Lovastatin, Ma Huang, MAO inhibitors, Methotrexate, Methyldopa, Moxifloxacin, Nevirapine, Nicotinic acid, Nitisinone, Nitrofurantoin, Nortriptyline, NSAIDs, Oral contraceptive pills , Pazopanib, Pemoline, Pennyroyal, Phenytoin, Propylthiouracil, Pyrazinamide, Regorafenib, Rifampin, Simvastatin, Skull cap, Statins, Sulfasalazine, Suloctidil, Terbinafine, Tetracycline, Teucrium polium, Tolcapone, Tricyclic antidepressants, Troglitazone, Valproic acid, Ecstacy, Cocaine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Asphyxia, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Autoimmune hepatitis, Graft versus host disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcohol, Cocaine, Cryptogenic, Ecstacy, Heat stroke, Hyperthermia, Hypothermia

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Ichai P, Samuel D (2008). "Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults". Liver Transpl. 14 Suppl 2: S67–79. doi:10.1002/lt.21612. PMID 18825677.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS, Blei AT, Samuel G, Reisch J, Lee WM (2002). "Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (12): 947–54. PMID 12484709.
  3. ↑ Hoofnagle JH, Nelson KE, Purcell RH (2012). "Hepatitis E." N Engl J Med. 367 (13): 1237–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204512. PMID 23013075.
  4. ↑ Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP (2006). "Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination". Epidemiol Rev. 28: 101–11. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxj012. PMID 16775039.
  5. ↑ Björnsson E, Olsson R (2005). "Outcome and prognostic markers in severe drug-induced liver disease". Hepatology. 42 (2): 481–9. doi:10.1002/hep.20800. PMID 16025496.

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