Urinary retention resident survival guide

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Synonyms and keywords:

Overview

Urinary retention can be defined as an inability to pass urine or incomplete emptying of the bladder. It is one of the most common presenting complaint encountered in the emergency department which can be acute or chronic. It is commonly seen in males as compared to females due to benign prostate hyperplasia. If undiagnosed or left untreated, this condition can be life threatening as it may lead to kidney damage and severe urosepsis. Acute urinary retention can be extremely uncomfortable, brings the patient immediately in attention and is initially managed by urethral or suprapubic catheterization. Chronic urinary retention is often asymptomatic, not easily identified and is linked to increased post void residual volume. A complete detailed history about current prescription, over the counter and herbal medications is necessary along with focused physical examination that must include neurological evaluation.

Causes

Urinary retention in women

Urinary Retention is overall very rare in women and can be acute or chronic. Common causes include:

Urinary Retention in Men

Urinary retention is much more common in males with male to female ratio being 13:1.[3]

 
 
 
 
 
Causes of Acute urinary Retention in Men

❑ Obstructive causes

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
Prostate or Bladder Carcinoma
Constipation
Urolithiasis
Urethral Stricture
Phimosis or Paraphimosis

❑ Infectious Causes

Prostatitis-
Urethritis-
Genital herpes

❑ Neurological Causes

stroke
spinal cord injury
Demyelinating disorders-Guillain barre syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, Multiple sclerosis.

Detrusor Muscle Dysfunction
❑ Medications

Sympathomimetic alpha adrenergic agents-Phenylephrine
Sympathomimetic beta adrenergic agents-Isoproterenol
Antidepressants-Amitriptyline,Imipramine
Antiarrhythmics-Quinidine, procainamide, Disopyramide
Anticholinergics-Atropine, oxybutynin, glycopyrrolate
Antiparkinsonian agents-Amantadine, trihexyphenidyl,levadopa, bromocriptine
Antipsychotics-Haloperidol, fluphenazine
Hormonal agents-estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Antihistamines-diphenhydramine, hydroxysine
Antihypertensives-Hydralazine,nifedipine
❑ Others-indomethacin, morphine, dopamine,amphetamines
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Causes of Chronic urinary retention in Men

❑ Neurological Causes

Daibetic neuropathy
peripheral neuropathy
Spinal injury

Detrusor Muscle Dysfunction

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Diagnosis

A detailed history and a thorough physical examination may help in diagnosing the cause behind urinary retention.[3] [2] [4]

[5]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Volume of urine in first 10-15 minutes of catheterization or with bladder ultrasound?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
>300ml
 
<200 ml
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
❑ suggest urinary retention-keep catheter in place if >400 ml
 
Urinary retention unlikely
 

Treatment

Acute urinary retention is treated with immediate bladder decompression with intermittent urethral catheterization or suprapubic catheterization regardless of the cause and gender. Further management depend upon the cause of retention.[6] [7] [8] [1]

Abbreviations: TwoC: trial without catheter; BPH: Benign prostate hyperplasia; TURP: Transurethral resection of prostate;POUR: postoperative urinary retention

|C02=
recatheterize and discuss TURP
}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management of Acute Urinary retention in Men with benign prostate hyperplasia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Clean intermittent Urethral Self Cathterization
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
successful
 
failed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Admit the patient and give alpha blocker(for example-alfuzosin) plus TwoC for 2 days
 
Suprapubic catheterization- Admit if urosepsis, dehydration or signs of renal failure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Successful
 
failed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
follow patient with alpha blocker if uncomplicated BPH OR discuss for elective surgery TURP if complicated BPH
 
{{{ C02 }}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
If recurrent urinary retention-repeat alpha blocker and TwoC
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
POSTOPERATIVE URINARY RETENTION
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prevention
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treatment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{ C03 }}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
{{{ DO4 }}}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Do's

[2] [3]

  • Keep a close eye on the patient for dehydration and metabolic abnormalities which may result from post obstructive diuresis.
  • Perform suprapubic catheterization in patients who had recent surgery and it should be ultrasound guided.
  • Do admit the patient with urosepsis, renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, malignancy or acute myelopathy.
  • It is must to educate the patient about catheter care and urine output monitoring.

Don'ts

[3]

  • Do not perform urethral catheterization if patient had a recent urologic surgery such as radical prostatectomy or urethral reconstruction.
  • Do not start antibiotics until and unless infection is confirmed.
  • Catheterization in Men with BPH should not be more than 7 days.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Mevcha A, Drake MJ (2010). "Etiology and management of urinary retention in women". Indian J Urol. 26 (2): 230–5. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.65396. PMC 2938548. PMID 20877602.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 30860732.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 30860734.
  4. "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 31751034.
  5. Serlin DC, Heidelbaugh JJ, Stoffel JT (2018). "Urinary Retention in Adults: Evaluation and Initial Management". Am Fam Physician. 98 (8): 496–503. PMID 30277739.
  6. Roehrborn CG (2005). "Acute urinary retention: risks and management". Rev Urol. 7 Suppl 4: S31–41. PMC 1477606. PMID 16986053.
  7. Fitzpatrick JM, Desgrandchamps F, Adjali K, Gomez Guerra L, Hong SJ, El Khalid S; et al. (2012). "Management of acute urinary retention: a worldwide survey of 6074 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia". BJU Int. 109 (1): 88–95. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10430.x. PMC 3272343. PMID 22117624.
  8. Muruganandham K, Dubey D, Kapoor R (2007). "Acute urinary retention in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Risk factors and current management". Indian J Urol. 23 (4): 347–53. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.35050. PMC 2721562. PMID 19718286.


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