Osteochondroma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 14:51, 27 November 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maria Fernanda Villarreal, M.D. [2]

Overview

Osteochondroma arises from the cartilage cells (chondrocytes), which are normally involved in the mechanical support of the bone. The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of bone and cartilage, associated with the aberrant development of the growth plate.^[1] Genes involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma include EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Osteochondroma is associated with a number of syndromes that include Langer-Giedion syndrome, Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, and metachondromatosis syndrome. On gross pathology, osteochondromas have a "mushroom-like shape", the tumor size ranges from 1 to 2 cm, and they are normally located in the metaphysial region of the affected bone.^[2] On microscopic histopathological analysis, osteochondroma shows cartilage cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.^[3]

Pathogenesis

Osteochondroma arises from the cartilage cells (chondrocytes), which are normally involved in the mechanical support of the bone.
The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of bone and cartilage, associated with the aberrant development of the growth plate.^[3]
A hallmark feature of osteochondromas is that they grow independently away from the nearby joint, without the need of an epiphysis.^[4]
As the osteochondroma cartilage grows, it forms a cap over a bony mass that develops by progressive enchondral ossification.^[5]
The bony portion of the osteochondroma contains both cortical and medullary bone with the marrow space contiguous with the parent bone.
Osteochondromas have their own growth plate and will the tumor growth will stop after a certain age due to the skeletal maturity of the growth plate.
Osteochondroma usually presents as a solitary cartilage-capped bony outgrowth protruding from the bone surface at the metaphysis of long bones.
Osteochondroma is usually located in the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Common anatomical locations include: the femur, the proximal tibia, and the proximal humerus. These locations account for 65-85% of cases.^[5]
Osteochondroma is a slow growing tumor which may undergo malignant transformation after a certain period of time.

Genetics

Development of osteochondroma is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma include:^[6]

Germ line mutation in EXT1 gene located on chromosome 8q24.11-q24.13
Germ line mutation in EXT2 gene located on chromosome 11p11-12

Associated Conditions

Osteochondroma is associated with a number of syndromes that include:^[1]

Langer-Giedion syndrome
Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
Trevor disease
Metachondromatosis syndrome

Gross Pathology

On gross pathology, osteochondroma is an irregular mass with a "mushroom-like shape", a bluish gray cap of cartilage, which is usually located at the metaphysial region of the affected bone.
Other gross pathology findings, include:^[2]

Tumor size ranges from 1 to 2 cm.
Opaque yellow cartilage with calcification in the matrix.
The base of the lesion has a rim of cortical bone and central cancellous bone.
The cartilage cap is usually thin (1-6 mm); irregular and thick cap (> 2 cm) may be indicative of malignant transformation.

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, the characteristic feature of osteochondromas is the presence of cartilage-like extracellular tumor matrix.^[3]
Other histopathological features of osteochondroma, include:

The presence of cartilage cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.^[3]
Mild atypia with nuclear enlargement.
The perichondrium demonstrates a thin layer of cells with higher cellular density than cartilage.

Gallery

Bone - osteochondroma^[2]
Bone - osteochondroma^[2]
Bone - osteochondroma^[2]
Bone - osteochondroma^[2]
Gross pathology - osteochondroma^[2]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kitsoulis P, Galani V, Stefanaki K, Paraskevas G, Karatzias G, Agnantis NJ, Bai M (2008). "Osteochondromas: review of the clinical, radiological and pathological features". In Vivo (Athens, Greece). 22 (5): 633–46. PMID 18853760.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Porter DE, Simpson AH (1999). "The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas". J. Pathol. 188 (2): 119–25. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 10398153. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
↑ Osteochondroma. Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Diagnostic Radiology: Musculoskeletal Imaging: Osteochondroma. WikiBooks.(2015) https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Radiology/Musculoskeletal_Imaging/Tumors_Basic/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016
↑ Judith VMG Bovée. Multiple Osteochondromas: Review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. Biomed Central http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-3-3 Accessed on January 27, 2016

Template:WS Template:WH

[pmid18853760-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kitsoulis P, Galani V, Stefanaki K, Paraskevas G, Karatzias G, Agnantis NJ, Bai M (2008). "Osteochondromas: review of the clinical, radiological and pathological features". In Vivo (Athens, Greece). 22 (5): 633–46. PMID 18853760.

[libre-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015

[pmid10398153-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Porter DE, Simpson AH (1999). "The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas". J. Pathol. 188 (2): 119–25. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N. PMID 10398153. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[radio-4] Osteochondroma. Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016

[wikibook-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Diagnostic Radiology: Musculoskeletal Imaging: Osteochondroma. WikiBooks.(2015) https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Radiology/Musculoskeletal_Imaging/Tumors_Basic/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016

[6] Judith VMG Bovée. Multiple Osteochondromas: Review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. Biomed Central http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-3-3 Accessed on January 27, 2016

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 ==Overview==
-Osteochondroma arises from the cartilage [[cells]] ([[chondrocytes]]), which are normally involved in the mechanical support of the [[bone]]. The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of [[bone]] and cartilage, associated with the aberrant development of the growth plate.<ref name="pmid18853760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitsoulis P, Galani V, Stefanaki K, Paraskevas G, Karatzias G, Agnantis NJ, Bai M |title=Osteochondromas: review of the clinical, radiological and pathological features |journal=In Vivo (Athens, Greece) |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=633–46 |year=2008 |pmid=18853760 |doi= |url=http://iv.iiarjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18853760}}</ref> [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of osteochondroma include [[EXT1]] and EXT2 genes. Osteochondroma is associated with a number of syndromes that include [[Langer-Giedion syndrome]], Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, and metachondromatosis syndrome. On gross pathology, osteochondromas may have a "mushroom-like shape", the tumoral size ranges from 1 to 2 cm, they are normally conformed located on the metaphysial region of the affected bone.<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref> On microscopic histopathological analysis, osteochondroma shows cartilage cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
+Osteochondroma arises from the cartilage [[cells]] ([[chondrocytes]]), which are normally involved in the mechanical support of the [[bone]]. The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of [[bone]] and cartilage, associated with the aberrant development of the growth plate.<ref name="pmid18853760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitsoulis P, Galani V, Stefanaki K, Paraskevas G, Karatzias G, Agnantis NJ, Bai M |title=Osteochondromas: review of the clinical, radiological and pathological features |journal=In Vivo (Athens, Greece) |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=633–46 |year=2008 |pmid=18853760 |doi= |url=http://iv.iiarjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18853760}}</ref> [[Genes]] involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of osteochondroma include [[EXT1]] and EXT2 genes. Osteochondroma is associated with a number of syndromes that include [[Langer-Giedion syndrome]], Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, and metachondromatosis syndrome. On gross pathology, osteochondromas have a "mushroom-like shape", the tumor size ranges from 1 to 2 cm, and  they are normally located in the metaphysial region of the affected bone.<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref> On microscopic histopathological analysis, osteochondroma shows cartilage cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=J. Pathol. |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url= |accessdate=2016-01-29}}</ref>
 ==Pathogenesis==
 *Osteochondroma arises from the cartilage cells ([[chondrocytes]]), which are normally involved in the mechanical support of the bone.
-*The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of bone and cartilage, associated with the aberrant development of the growth plate.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
+*The pathogenesis of osteochondroma consists of abnormal outgrowth of [[bone]] and [[cartilage]], associated with the aberrant development of the [[growth plate]].<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
-*As the osteochondroma cartilage grows, it forms a cap over a bony mass that develops by progressive enchondral [[ossification]].
+*A hallmark feature of osteochondromas is that they grow independently away from the nearby joint, without the need of an [[epiphysis]].<ref name= "radio"> Osteochondroma. Dr Yuranga Weerakkody. Radiopedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016</ref>
-*The bony portion of the osteochondroma contains mature, cortical and medullary bone with a marrow space contiguous with the parent bone.
+*As the osteochondroma cartilage grows, it forms a cap over a bony [[mass]] that develops by progressive enchondral [[ossification]].<ref name="wikibook">Diagnostic Radiology: Musculoskeletal Imaging: Osteochondroma. WikiBooks.(2015) https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Radiology/Musculoskeletal_Imaging/Tumors_Basic/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016 </ref>
-*Osteochondromas have their own growth plate and stop growing with skeletal maturity.
+*The bony portion of the osteochondroma contains both cortical and medullary bone with the marrow space contiguous with the parent bone.
-*Osteochondroma usually presents as a solitary cartilage-capped bony outgrowth protruding from the bone surface in the [[metaphysis]].
+*Osteochondromas have their own [[growth plate]] and will the tumor growth will stop after a certain age due to the [[skeletal]] maturity of the growth plate.
-*Osteochondroma is usually located in the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Common anatomical locations include: the [[femur]], the proximal [[tibia]], and the proximal [[humerus]]. These locations account for 65-85% of cases.
+*Osteochondroma usually presents as a solitary cartilage-capped bony outgrowth protruding from the bone surface at the [[metaphysis]] of long bones.
-*Osteochondroma is a slow growing tumor which may transform malignant after time.
+*Osteochondroma is usually located in the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Common anatomical locations include: the [[femur]], the proximal [[tibia]], and the proximal [[humerus]]. These locations account for 65-85% of cases.<ref name="wikibook">Diagnostic Radiology: Musculoskeletal Imaging: Osteochondroma. WikiBooks.(2015) https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Diagnostic_Radiology/Musculoskeletal_Imaging/Tumors_Basic/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 28, 2016 </ref>
+*Osteochondroma is a slow growing tumor which may undergo [[malignant]] transformation after a certain period of time.
 ==Genetics==
 *Development of osteochondroma is the result of multiple genetic [[mutatio]]ns.
-*Genes involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma include:
+*Genes involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma include:<ref> Judith VMG Bovée. Multiple Osteochondromas: Review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. Biomed Central http://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-3-3 Accessed on January 27, 2016</ref>
-:*Germ line mutation [[EXT1]] - chromosome 8q24.11-q24.13
+:*Germ line mutation in ''[[EXT1]]'' gene located on chromosome 8q24.11-q24.13
-:*Germ line mutation EXT2 - chromosome 11p11-12
+:*Germ line mutation in ''EXT2'' gene located on  [[chromosome]] 11p11-12
 ==Associated Conditions==
-*[[Langer-Giedion syndrome]]
+*Osteochondroma is associated with a number of syndromes that include:<ref name="pmid18853760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kitsoulis P, Galani V, Stefanaki K, Paraskevas G, Karatzias G, Agnantis NJ, Bai M |title=Osteochondromas: review of the clinical, radiological and pathological features |journal=In Vivo (Athens, Greece) |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=633–46 |year=2008 |pmid=18853760 |doi= |url=http://iv.iiarjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18853760}}</ref>
-*Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
+:*[[Langer-Giedion syndrome]]
-*Metachondromatosis
+:*Potocki-Shaffer syndrome
+:*Trevor disease
+:*Metachondromatosis syndrome
 ==Gross Pathology==
-*On gross pathology, osteochondromas may have a "mushroom-like shape".
+*On gross pathology, osteochondroma is an irregular mass with a "mushroom-like shape", a bluish gray cap of [[cartilage]], which is usually located at the [[metaphysis|metaphysial]] region of the affected [[bone]].
-*The tumoral size ranges from 1 to 2 cm.
+*Other gross pathology findings, include:<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
-*Osteochondromas are normally located on the metaphysial region of the affected bone.<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
+:*[[Tumor]] size ranges from 1 to 2 cm.
-*The cartilage cap is usually thin; irregular and thick cap may be indicative of malignant transformation.
+:*Opaque yellow cartilage with [[calcification]] in the matrix.
+:*The base of the lesion has a rim of [[cortical bone]] and central [[cancellous bone]].
+:*The [[cartilage]] cap is usually thin (1-6 mm); irregular and thick cap (> 2 cm) may be indicative of malignant transformation.
 ==Microscopic Pathology==
 *On microscopic histopathological analysis, the characteristic feature of osteochondromas is the presence of cartilage-like [[extracellular]] tumor matrix.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
 *Other histopathological features of osteochondroma, include:
-:*The presence of cartilage cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
+:*The presence of [[cartilage]] cells growing in columns with a lobular arrangement.<ref name="pmid10398153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter DE, Simpson AH |title=The neoplastic pathogenesis of solitary and multiple osteochondromas |journal=The Journal of Pathology |volume=188 |issue=2 |pages=119–25 |year=1999 |pmid=10398153 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199906)188:2<119::AID-PATH321>3.0.CO;2-N}}</ref>
-:*Mild [[atypia]] with nuclear enlargement.
+:*Mild [[atypia]] with [[nuclear]] enlargement.
 :*The [[perichondrium]] demonstrates a thin layer of cells with higher cellular density than cartilage.
@@ Line 43: / Line 48: @@
 <gallery>
-Image:Osteochondroma 5 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - Osteochondroma<ref name="patho">Osteochondroma. Librepathology(2016) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2016</ref>
+Image:Osteochondroma 5 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
-Image:Osteochondroma 3 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - Osteochondroma<ref name="patho">Osteochondroma. Librepathology(2016) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2016</ref>
+Image:Osteochondroma 3 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
-Image:|Bone - Osteochondroma <ref name="patho">Osteochondroma. Librepathology(2016) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/osteochondroma Accessed on January, 27th 2016</ref>
+Image:|Bone - Osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
-Image:Osteochondroma 2 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - Osteochondroma<ref name="patho">Osteochondroma. Librepathology(2016) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2016</ref>
+Image:Osteochondroma 2 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
-Image:Bone osteochondroma1 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - Osteochondroma<ref name="patho">Osteochondroma. Librepathology(2016) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2016</ref>
+Image:Bone osteochondroma1 micropathology.jpeg|Bone - osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
+Image: Osteochondroma gross.jpeg|Gross pathology - osteochondroma<ref name="libre">Osteochondroma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Osteochondroma Accessed on January 27, 2015</ref>
 </gallery>
@@ Line 58: / Line 64: @@
 [[Category:Disease]]
 [[Category:Oncology]]
+ [[Category:Up-To-Date]]
+[[Category:Oncology]]
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