The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Pulmonary Disease

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Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Pulmonology In Alphabetical Order

Anatomy

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, respiratory system: Lungs and related structures
lungs	right • left • lingula • apex • base • root • cardiac notch • cardiac impression • hilum • borders (anterior, posterior, inferior) • surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • fissures (oblique, horizontal)
conducting zone	trachea (tracheal rings, carina) • bronchi • main bronchus (right, left) • lobar/secondary bronchi (eparterial bronchus) • segmental/tertiary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segment) • bronchiole • terminal bronchiole
respiratory zone	respiratory bronchiole • alveolar duct • alveolus • alveolar-capillary barrier
pleurae	parietal pleura (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • visceral pleura • pulmonary ligament • recesses (costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic) • pleural cavity

v • d • e Anatomy: respiratory system
Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Lungs • Bronchi • Alveoli • Conducting zone • Respiratory zone

Embryology

v • d • e Prenatal development/Mammalian development of respiratory system (overview)
Upper	Nasal placode
Lower	Laryngotracheal groove - Lung buds

Physiology

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Lung volumes	VC · FRC · Vt · dead space · CC calculations: respiratory minute volume · FEV1/FVC ratio devices: spirometry · body plethysmography · peak flow meter
Airways/ ventilation (V)	positive pressure ventilation · breath (inhalation, exhalation) · respiratory rate · respirometer · pulmonary surfactant · compliance · hysteresivity · airway resistance · bronchial hyperresponsiveness · bronchial challenge test · bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation
Blood/ perfusion (Q)	pulmonary circulation · hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction · pulmonary shunt
Interactions/ ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)	ventilation/perfusion scan · zones of the lung · gas exchange · pulmonary gas pressures · alveolar gas equation · alveolar-arterial gradient · hemoglobin · oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) · carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) · oxyhemoglobin · respiratory quotient · arterial blood gas · diffusion capacity · DLCO
Control of respiration	pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) · medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) · chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) · pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Insufficiency	high altitude · oxygen toxicity · hypoxia

Disease States

v • d • e

Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460-519), respiratory diseases

Upper RT
(including URTIs,
Common cold)

Head	sinuses: Sinusitis nose: Rhinitis (Vasomotor rhinitis, Atrophic rhinitis, Hay fever) · Nasal polyp · Deviated septum tonsil: Tonsillitis · Adenoid hypertrophy · Peritonsillar abscess
Neck	pharynx: Pharyngitis (Strep throat) larynx: Laryngitis · Croup · Laryngospasm · vocal folds: Vocal fold nodule · epiglottis: Epiglottitis trachea: Tracheitis · Tracheal stenosis

Lower RT/lung disease
(including LRTIs)

Bronchial/
obstructive

acute: Acute bronchitis

chronic: COPD (Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Diffuse panbronchiolitis) · Asthma (Status asthmaticus) · Bronchiectasis

unspecified: Bronchitis · Bronchiolitis (Bronchiolitis obliterans)

Interstitial/
restrictive

External agents/ occupational lung disease	Pneumoconiosis (Asbestosis, Baritosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Caplan's syndrome, Chalicosis, Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Siderosis, Silicosis, Byssinosis) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Bagassosis, Bird fancier's lung, Farmer's lung)
Other	ARDS · Pulmonary edema · Löffler's syndrome/Eosinophilic pneumonia · Respiratory hypersensitivity (Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) Hamman-Rich syndrome · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Obstructive or
restrictive

Pneumonia/
pneumonitis

By pathogen	Viral · Bacterial (Pneumococcal) / Atypical bacterial (Mycoplasma, Legionnaires' disease, Chlamydiae) · Fungal (Pneumocystis) · Parasitic · noninfectious (Chemical/Mendelson's syndrome, Aspiration/Lipid)
By vector/route	Community-acquired · Healthcare-associated · Hospital-acquired
By distribution	Broncho- · Lobar
IIP	UIP · DIP · BOOP-COP · NSIP · RB

Other

Atelectasis · circulatory (Pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary embolism)

Pleural cavity/
mediastinum

Suppuration	Empyema/pyothorax · Lung abscess
Pleural disease	Pleuritis/pleurisy Pneumothorax/Hemopneumothorax (Tension pneumothorax) Pleural effusion: Hemothorax · Hydrothorax · Chylothorax
Mediastinal disease	Mediastinitis · Mediastinal emphysema

Other/general

Respiratory failure · Influenza · SARS · Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis · Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

see also congenital, neoplasia

Congenital Disease States

v • d • e Congenital malformations and deformations of respiratory system (Q30-Q34, 748)
Nose	Choanal atresia
Larynx	Laryngocele - Laryngomalacia
Trachea and bronchus	Tracheomalacia
Lung	Bronchiectasis - Pulmonary sequestration - Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
see also non-congenital (J, 460-519)

Pharmacotherapy

v • d • e Drugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD (R03)
Adrenergics, inhalants	Short acting β₂-agonists: Salbutamol/Levosalbutamol • Fenoterol • Terbutaline • Pirbuterol • Procaterol • Bitolterol • Rimiterol • Carbuterol • Tulobuterol • Reproterol Long acting β₂-agonists (LABA): Arformoterol • Bambuterol • Clenbuterol • Formoterol • Salmeterol Ultra LABA: Indacaterol other: Epinephrine • Hexoprenaline • Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol) • Orciprenaline (Metaproterenol)
Glucocorticoids	Beclometasone • Budesonide • Ciclesonide • Fluticasone • Mometasone
Anticholinergics	Ipratropium • Tiotropium
Mast cell stabilizers	Cromoglicate • Nedocromil
Xanthines	Aminophylline • Theobromine • Theophylline
Leukotriene antagonists	Montelukast • Pranlukast • Zafirlukast
Lipoxygenase inhibitor	Zileuton
Thromboxane receptor antagonists	Ramatroban • Seratrodast
Combination products	Budesonide/formoterol • Fluticasone/salmeterol • Ipratropium/salbutamol

v • d • e Other respiratory system products (R07)
Lung surfactants	Colfosceril palmitate
Respiratory stimulants	Almitrine - Bemegride - Dimefline - Doxapram - Etamivan - Mepixanox - Nikethamide - Pentylenetetrazol - Prethcamide
Other agents for treating respiratory depression	BIMU-8 - BW373U86 - CX-546

Surgery

v • d • e Respiratory system surgeries and other procedures
Larynx and trachea	Laryngectomy - Tracheotomy - Cricothyrotomy
Lung and bronchus	Pneumonectomy - Bronchoscopy - Lung transplantation - Heart-lung transplant
Chest wall, pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragm	Thoracotomy - Thoracoscopy - Mediastinoscopy - Thoracentesis - Pleurodesis

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Respiratory therapy

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