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Anatomy and Physiology

v • d • e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology
Enteric nervous system	Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus
Exocrine	Chief cells (Pepsinogen) - Parietal cells (Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor) - Goblet cells (Mucus)
Endocrine/paracrine	G cells (gastrin), D cells (somatostatin) - ECL cells (Histamine) - enterogastrone: I cells (CCK), K cells (GIP), S cells (secretin)
Border	Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes
Fluids	Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice
Processes	Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal) - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation

Embryology

v • d • e

Prenatal development/Mammalian development of digestive system

Gut

Stomodeum

Foregut (Buccopharyngeal membrane, Rathke's pouch, Tracheoesophageal septum, Pancreatic bud, Hepatic diverticulum)

Midgut

Hindgut (Urorectal septum )

Proctodeum

Mesentery

Dorsal mesentery - Ventral mesentery

Other

Septum transversum

Disease States

v • d • e

Digestive system - Digestive disease - Gastroenterology (primarily K20-K93, 530-579)

Upper GI tract

Esophagus	Esophagitis (Candidal) - Boerhaave syndrome - UES (Zenker's diverticulum) - LES (Barrett's esophagus, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) - Esophageal motility disorder (Nutcracker esophagus, Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm, GERD) - Esophageal stricture
Stomach	Peptic (gastric) ulcer - Gastritis (Atrophic, Ménétrier's disease) - Gastroenteritis - Dyspepsia - Pyloric stenosis - Achlorhydria - Gastroparesis - Gastroptosis - Portal hypertensive gastropathy - Gastric antral vascular ectasia - Gastric dumping syndrome

Intestinal

Duodenum/ileum	Peptic (duodenal) ulcer - Duodenitis - Ileitis
Enteritis & colitis/ enterocolitis	noninfective: IBD (Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis) - noninfective gastroenteritis infective: Pseudomembranous colitis
Vascular	Abdominal angina - Mesenteric ischemia - Ischemic colitis - Angiodysplasia
Malabsorption	Coeliac - Tropical sprue - Blind loop syndrome - Whipple's - Short bowel syndrome - Steatorrhea
Motility/ functional	Ileus/Bowel obstruction (Intussusception, Volvulus) - Constipation - Diarrhea Functional colonic disease (IBS, Intestinal pseudoobstruction/Ogilvie syndrome)
Rectum/anus	Proctalgia fugax - Anal fissure/Anal fistula - Anal abscess - Rectal prolapse - Proctitis (Radiation proctitis)
Other	Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis - Megacolon/Toxic megacolon - Appendicitis

Accessory

Liver/hepatitis	Alcoholic liver disease - Liver failure (Hepatic encephalopathy, Acute liver failure) - Cirrhosis - autoimmune (PBC, Autoimmune hepatitis) - Liver abscess - NASH - Fatty liver - Peliosis hepatis - Hepatic veno-occlusive disease - Portal hypertension - Hepatorenal syndrome
Gallbladder	Gallstones - common bile duct (Choledocholithiasis, Biliary dyskinesia) - Cholecystitis - Cholesterolosis - Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses - Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Biliary tree	Cholangitis (PSC, Ascending) - Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome - Biliary fistula
Pancreatic	Pancreatitis (Acute, Chronic, Hereditary) - Pancreatic pseudocyst - Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - Pancreatic fistula

Hernia

Diaphragmatic: Congenital diaphragmatic - Hiatus

Abdominal hernia: Inguinal (Indirect, Direct) - Umbilical - Incisional - Femoral

Obturator hernia

Peritoneal

Peritonitis (Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) - Hemoperitoneum - Pneumoperitoneum

GI bleeding

Upper (Hematemesis, Melena) - Lower (Hematochezia)

See also congenital, neoplasia

v • d • e Topics related to Crohn's disease
Main	Inflammatory bowel disease · Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease · Treatment of Crohn's disease · Crohn's Disease Activity Index
Related terms	Abdominal pain · Anal abscess · Erythema nodosum · Fistula · Granuloma · Ileum · Ileitis · Malabsorption · Proctitis · Protein losing enteropathy · Pyoderma gangrenosum · Sacroiliitis · Short bowel syndrome · Small bowel obstruction · Stenosis
History	Giovanni Battista Morgagni · Burrill Bernard Crohn
Organizations	Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America · National Society for Colitis and Crohn's Disease
People	List of people diagnosed with Crohn's disease

v • d • e Nutritional pathology (E40-68, 260-269)
Malnutrition	Kwashiorkor - Marasmus - Catabolysis
Avitaminosis	B vitamins: B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy, B2: Ariboflavinosis, B3: Pellagra, B6: Pyridoxine deficiency, B7: Biotin deficiency, B9: Folate deficiency, B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency other vitamins: A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots, C: Scurvy, D: Rickets/Osteomalacia
Mineral deficiency	Zinc deficiency - Iron deficiency - Magnesium deficiency - Chromium deficiency
Hyperalimentation	Obesity - Vitamin poisoning (Hypervitaminosis A, Hypervitaminosis D, Hypervitaminosis E)

v • d • e Health science - Medicine - Cystic diseases
Respiratory system	Langerhans cell histiocytosis · Lymphangiomyomatosis · Cystic bronchiectasis
Skin	Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Musculoskeletal system	Cystic hygroma · Fibrocystic breast diseaese
Digestive system	Polycystic Liver Disease · Congenital hepatic fibrosis · Biliary hamartomas · Caroli disease · Choledochal cysts · Von Meyenburg complexes · Peliosis hepatis
Nervous system	Cystic leukoencephalopathy
Genitourinary system	Polycystic kidney disease · Medullary cystic kidney disease (Nephronophthisis) · Congenital cystic dysplasia
Other conditions	Hydatid cyst · Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome · Tuberous sclerosis

Congenital Disease States

v • d • e Congenital malformations and deformations of digestive system (Q35-Q45, 749-751)
Tongue, mouth and pharynx	Cleft lip and palate - Van der Woude syndrome - Ankyloglossia - Macroglossia - Pharyngeal pouch
Esophagus and upper alimentary tract	Esophageal atresia - Tracheoesophageal fistula - Esophageal web - Pyloric stenosis - Hiatus hernia
Intestines	Intestinal atresia (Duodenal atresia) - Imperforate anus - Meckel's diverticulum - Hirschsprung's disease - Intestinal malrotation - Persistent cloaca
Pancreas	Annular pancreas - Accessory pancreas - Pancreas divisum
Other	Choledochal cysts - Alagille syndrome
See also non-congenital (K20-K93, 530-579)

Pharmacotherapy

v • d • e Drugs for acid related disorders: Antacids (A02A)
Magnesium	Magnesium carbonate - Magnesium oxide - Magnesium peroxide - Magnesium hydroxide - Magnesium silicate
Aluminium	Aluminium hydroxide - Algeldrate - Aluminium phosphate - Dihydroxialumini sodium carbonate - Aluminium acetoacetate - Aloglutamol - Aluminium glycinate
Calcium	Calcium carbonate - Calcium silicate

v • d • e Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07)
Intestinal anti-infectives	Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide)
Intestinal adsorbents	Charcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite
Antipropulsives	Diphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin
Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents	corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide)
Antidiarrheal micro-organisms	Saccharomyces boulardii
Other antidiarrheals	Albumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril

v • d • e Antiemetics and antinauseants (A04)
Serotonin (5-HT₃) antagonists	Ondansetron • Granisetron • Tropisetron • Dolasetron • Palonosetron
Other	Scopolamine • Cerium oxalate • Chlorobutanol • Metopimazine • Cannabinoids (Dronabinol, Nabilone) • NK1 receptor antagonist (Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant)

v • d • e

Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders (A03)

Drugs for functional bowel disorders

antimuscarinics: Mebeverine - Dicycloverine - Propantheline

papaverine and derivatives: Papaverine - Drotaverine - Moxaverine

acting on serotonin receptors: 5-HT₃ antagonists (Alosetron, Cilansetron) - 5HT₄ agonists (Mosapride, Tegaserod)

other: Diisopromine - Isometheptene - Phloroglucinol - Proglumide - Tridihexethyl

Belladonna and derivatives
(antimuscarinics)

Atropine - Hyoscyamine - Butylscopolamine - Methylscopolamine

Propulsives

primarily dopamine antagonists (Metoclopramide/Bromopride, Domperidone, Alizapride) - serotonin agonists (Cisapride) - Clebopride

v • d • e Drugs for acid related disorders: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD/GORD (A02B)
H₂ antagonists	Cimetidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine, Roxatidine
Prostaglandins/analogues	Misoprostol, Enprostil
Proton pump inhibitors	Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, Tenatoprazole
Other	Carbenoxolone, Sucralfate, Pirenzepine

v • d • e Laxatives (A06)
Softeners, emollients	Paraffin - Docusate sodium
Contact laxatives	Oxyphenisatine - Bisacodyl - Dantron - Phenolphthalein - Castor oil - Senna glycosides - Cascara - Sodium picosulfate - Bisoxatin
Bulk producers	Ispaghula - Ethulose - Sterculia - Linseed - Methylcellulose - Triticum - Polycarbophil calcium
Osmotically acting laxatives	Magnesium carbonate - Magnesium oxide - Magnesium peroxide - Magnesium sulfate - Lactulose - Lactitol - Sodium sulfate - Pentaerithrityl - Macrogol - Mannitol - Sodium phosphate - Sorbitol - Magnesium citrate - Sodium tartrate
Enemas	Sodium phosphate - Bisacodyl - Dantron - Glycerol - Oil - Sorbitol

v • d • e Mineral supplements (A12)
Calcium	Calcium phosphate - Calcium glubionate - Calcium gluconate - Calcium carbonate - Calcium lactate - Calcium lactate gluconate - Calcium chloride - Calcium glycerylphosphate - Calcium citrate lysine complex - Calcium glucoheptonate - Calcium pangamate
Potassium	Potassium chloride - Potassium citrate - Potassium hydrogentartrate - Potassium hydrogencarbonate - Potassium gluconate
Sodium	Sodium chloride - Sodium sulfate
Zinc	Zinc sulfate - Zinc gluconate
Magnesium	Magnesium chloride - Magnesium sulfate - Magnesium gluconate - Magnesium citrate - Magnesium aspartate - Magnesium lactate - Magnesium levulinate - Magnesium pidolate - Magnesium orotate - Magnesium oxide
Fluoride	Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate
Selenium	Sodium selenate - Sodium selenite

v • d • e Other alimentary tract and metabolism products (A16)
Amino acids and derivatives	Levocarnitine - Ademetionine - Levoglutamide - Mercaptamine - Carglumic acid - Betaine
Enzymes	Alglucerase - Imiglucerase - Agalsidase alfa - Agalsidase beta - Laronidase - Sacrosidase - Alglucosidase alfa - Galsulfase - Idursulfase
Various alimentary tract and metabolism products	Tioctic acid - Anethole trithione - Sodium phenylbutyrate - Nitisinone - Zinc acetate - Miglustat

v • d • e Stomatological preparations (A01)
Caries prophylactic agents	Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate - Olaflur - Stannous fluoride
Anti-infectives and antiseptics	Hydrogen peroxide - Chlorhexidine - Amphotericin B - Polynoxylin - Domiphen - Oxyquinoline - Neomycin - Miconazole - Natamycin - Hexetidine - Tetracycline - Benzoxonium chloride - Tibezonium iodide - Mepartricin - Metronidazole - Clotrimazole - Sodium perborate - Chlortetracycline - Doxycycline - Minocycline - Eugenol
Corticosteroids	Triamcinolone - Dexamethasone - Hydrocortisone
Other	Epinephrine/Adrenalone - Benzydamine - Acetylsalicylic acid - Amlexanox