Osteoporosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti,M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. The most common causes of osteoporosis include aging, chronic renal failure, nutritional deficiency of calcium and / or vitamin D, immobility, hyperparathyroidism, menopause and chronic glucocorticoid abuse.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Werner syndrome, Storm syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Ethanol
Dermatologic Dyskeratosis Congenita, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Nodulosis-arthropathy-osteolysis syndrome, Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome, Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency, Tuberous sclerosis, Winchester syndrome
Drug Side Effect Cyproterone, Exemestane, Heparin, Prednisolone
Ear Nose Throat Eccentrochondrodysplasia, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Rajab-Spranger syndrome
Endocrine Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal incidentaloma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Andropause, Acromegaly,Aromatase deficiency, Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Diabetes Mellitus, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Gonadal dysgenesis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Hyperadrenalism, Hyperparathyroidism,Hyperthyroidism, Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism -- Syndactyly, Hypopituitaryism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Oncogenic osteomalacia, Ovarian insufficiency due to FSH resistance, Primary hypoparathyroidism, Sub clinical hypothyroidism, Galactorrhoea-Hyperprolactinaemia, Prader-Willi syndrome, Ovarian insufficiency, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac Disease, Cholestasis, Chronic Hepatitis, Chronic Liver Disease, Crohn's disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Haemochromatosis, Maldigestion, Primary biliary cirrhosis, Tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome, Ulcerative colitis, Wilson's Disease, Wolman syndrome, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Genetic Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome, Acroosteolysis neurogenic, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, Chromosome 1, deletion q21 q25, Down Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - progeroid form , Geroderma osteodysplastica, Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome, Hyper IgE syndrome / Job syndrome, Iridogoniodysgenesis and skeletal anomalies, Larsen syndrome, recessive type, Lobstein disease,Lockwood-Feingold syndrome, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Marfan syndrome, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Spahr type, Metaphyseal dysplasia Pyle type, Menkes Disease, Morquio syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteolysis hereditary multicentric, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia,Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile, Pena Shokeir syndrome, Prolidase deficiency, Sakati syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Storm syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, Urban rogers meyer syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia --dysmorphism, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
Hematologic Alpha thalassemia, Beta thalassemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Generalized mastocytosis, Hemoglobin H disease, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma, Sickle cell anemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, Boyd-Stearns syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - progeroid form, Female athlete triad, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Fontaine-Farriaux-, lanckaert syndrome, Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia, Geroderma osteodysplastica, Hyperostosis corticalis deformans juvenilis, Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, Hyper IgE syndrome / Job syndrome, Hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, Kaler-Garrity-Stern syndrome, Lobstein disease, Lockwood-Feingold syndrome, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Pena Shokeir syndrome, Oncogenic osteomalacia, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Paget's disease of bone, Pointer syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Richieri-Costa Da Silva syndrome, Riley Shwachman syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Singleton-Merten syndrome, Sponastrime dysplasia, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with multiple dislocations, Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with dentinogenesis imperfecta, Spondylo-ocular syndrome,Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis, Systemic infantile hyalinosis, Torg osteolysis syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Thick skull syndrome, Winchester syndrome, Xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (XGPT) deficiency
Neurologic Acroosteolysis neurogenic, Brown-Sequard Syndrome, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Lactotroph adenoma, Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism

, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, recessive, acute infantile, Rajab-Spranger syndrome, Snyder-Robinson syndrome, Spinocerebellar ataxia -- dysmorphism, Shprintzen-Golberg craniosynostosis , Tuberous sclerosis, Werner syndrome, Wilson's Disease

Nutritional / Metabolic Anorexia nervosa, Calcium deficiency, Copper deficiency, Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, Dibasic aminoaciduria 2, Excessive Dieting, Fabry's disease, Glycerol kinase deficiency, Homocystinuria, Hyperglycerolemia - infantile form, Haemochromatosis, Hypophosphatemic rickets, Infantile sialic acid storage disorder, Lysinuric protein intolerance, Menkes Disease, Methylmalonic acidemia, Oxalosis, Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency, Prolidase deficiency, Protein deficiency, Underweight, Vitamin C deficiency / Scurvy
Obstetric/Gynecologic Female athlete triad, Menopause, Ovarian insufficiency, Pregnancy
Oncologic Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal incidentaloma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Leukemia, Lactotroph adenoma, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma
Opthalmologic Eccentrochondrodysplasia, Osteopaenia -- myopia -- hearing loss -- intellectual deficit -- facial dysmorphism, Osteoporosis -- macrocephaly -- mental retardation -- blindness, Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, Osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism -- deafness -- retinitis pigmentosa, Osteoporosis -- oculocutaneous -- hypopigmentation syndrome, Spondylo-ocular syndrome, Schwartz-Jampel Syndrome, Winchester syndrome, Werner syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Depression
Pulmonary Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cystic Fibrosis
Renal / Electrolyte Abderhalden-Kaufmann-Lignac syndrome, Chronic acidosis, Chronic hypophosphatemia, Chronic renal failure, Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism, Fanconi-Albertini-Zellweger syndrome, Kidney disease, Renal osteodystrophy, Short stature -- hyperkaliemia -- acidosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Ankylosing spondylitis, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Rheumatoid disease, Sarcoidosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aging, Alcoholism, Athletes, Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome, Davis syndrome, Idiopathic, Immobility, Lack of exercise, Marie-Bamberg syndrome, Mixed connective tissue disease, Orchidectomy, Postgastrectomy, Premature aging, Pseudoprogeria syndrome, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, Zero gravity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Padova G, Borzì G, Incorvaia L, et al. (September 2011). "Prevalence of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in acromegalic patients". Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 8 (3): 37–43. PMID 22461828.
  2. ↑ Goswami M, Verma M, Singh A, Grewal H, Kumar G (2009). "Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: a rare case report". J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 27 (3): 184–8. doi:10.4103/0970-4388.57101. PMID 19841552.
  3. ↑ Legrand E, Hoppé E, Bouvard B, Audran M (February 2012). "[Osteoporosis in men]" (in French). Rev Prat 62 (2): 193–7. PMID 22408860.
  4. ↑ Krysiak R, Okopień B (January 2012). "[Pathogenesis and clinical presentation of andropause]" (in Polish). Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 32 (187): 70–3. PMID 22400185.
  5. ↑ Saltzstein RJ, Hardin S, Hastings J (October 1992). "Osteoporosis in spinal cord injury: using an index of mobility and its relationship to bone density". J Am Paraplegia Soc 15 (4): 232–4. PMID 1431871.
  6. ↑ Parfitt AM (October 1976). "The actions of parathyroid hormone on bone: relation to bone remodeling and turnover, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic bone disease. Part IV of IV parts: The state of the bones in uremic hyperaparathyroidism--the mechanisms of skeletal resistance to PTH in renal failure and pseudohypoparathyroidism and the role of PTH in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteofluorosis". Metab. Clin. Exp. 25 (10): 1157–88. PMID 787723.
  7. ↑ Nojiri H, Saita Y, Morikawa D, et al. (November 2011). "Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (11): 2682–94. doi:10.1002/jbmr.489. PMID 22025246.
  8. ↑ Lekva T, Ueland T, Bøyum H, Evang JA, Godang K, Bollerslev J (June 2012). "TXNIP is highly regulated in bone biopsies from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome and related to bone turnover". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 166 (6): 1039–48. doi:10.1530/EJE-11-1082. PMID 22450549.
  9. ↑ Grasswick LJ, Bradford JM (July 2003). "Osteoporosis associated with the treatment of paraphilias: a clinical review of seven case reports". J. Forensic Sci. 48 (4): 849–55. PMID 12877306.
  10. ↑ Vasireddy S, Swinson DR (July 2001). "Male osteoporosis associated with longterm cyproterone treatment". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1702–3. PMID 11469484.
  11. ↑ Gold DT, Solimeo S (December 2006). "Osteoporosis and depression: a historical perspective". Curr Osteoporos Rep 4 (4): 134–9. PMID 17112423.
  12. ↑ Pignolo RJ, Suda RK, McMillan EA, et al. (January 2008). "Defects in telomere maintenance molecules impair osteoblast differentiation and promote osteoporosis". Aging Cell 7 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00350.x. PMID 18028256.
  13. ↑ Delsignore JL, Dvoretsky PM, Hicks DG, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN (1996). "Mastocytosis presenting as a skeletal disorder". Iowa Orthop J 16: 126–34. PMID 9129284.
  14. ↑ Boente Mdel C, Asial RA, Winik BC (2006). "Geroderma osteodysplastica. Report of a new family". Pediatr Dermatol 23 (5): 467–72. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00285.x. PMID 17014644.
  15. ↑ Riminucci M, Collins MT, Corsi A, et al. (September 2001). "Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: a syndrome of fibro-osseous lesions of jawbones, bone fragility, and long bone bowing". J. Bone Miner. Res. 16 (9): 1710–8. doi:10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.9.1710. PMID 11547842.
  16. ↑ Nozaki T, Ihara K, Makimura M, Kinjo T, Hara T (2012). "A girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome and premature ovarian failure". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 25 (1-2): 171–3. PMID 22570971.
  17. ↑ Hennekam RC (December 2006). "Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome: review of the phenotype". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 140 (23): 2603–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31346. PMID 16838330.
  18. ↑ Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Jarząbek-Bielecka G, Friebe Z, Syrenicz A (2011). "Effects of oestrogen deficiency on bone mineralisation in girls during "adolescent crisis"". Endokrynol Pol 62 (6): 538–46. PMID 22144221.
  19. ↑ Kaler SG, Garrity AM, Stern HJ, et al. (August 1992). "New autosomal recessive syndrome of sparse hair, osteopenia, and mental retardation in Mennonite sisters". Am. J. Med. Genet. 43 (6): 983–8. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320430615. PMID 1415349.
  20. ↑ Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Foresta C (June 2011). "Bone density and risk of osteoporosis in Klinefelter syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 100 (6): 878–84. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02138.x. PMID 21214887.
  21. ↑ Kurtoglu S, Dundar M, Hallaç IK, Uzüm K, Okumuş Y, Oktem T (June 1997). "Polycystic kidney disease, biliary dysgenesis in a patient with Larsen's syndrome". Clin. Genet. 51 (6): 408–11. PMID 9237505.
  22. ↑ Tanaka H (May 2005). "[Systemic bone diseases; clues for the pathogenetic mechanism of osteoporosis]" (in Japanese). Clin Calcium 15 (5): 776–82. doi:CliCa0505776782. PMID 15876739.
  23. ↑ Gok F, Crettol LM, Alanay Y, et al. (March 2010). "Clinical and radiographic findings in two brothers affected with a novel mutation in matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene". Eur. J. Pediatr. 169 (3): 363–7. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1028-7. PMID 19653001.
  24. ↑ Khaldi F, Bennaceur B, Gharbi HA (1989). "[Familial osteochondrodysplatic dwarfism associated with deafness and tapeto-retinal heredo-degeneration]" (in French). Arch. Fr. Pediatr. 46 (6): 429–32. PMID 2783003.
  25. ↑ Heide T (July 1981). "[A syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta, macrocephaly, wormian bones, frontal bossing, brachytelephalangy, hyperextensible joints, congenital blindness and oligophrenia in 3 sibs (author's transl)]" (in German). Klin Padiatr 193 (4): 334–40. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034490. PMID 7265806.
  26. ↑ Hernández A, Nazará Z, Reynoso MC, Sarralde A, Bobadilla L, Fragoso R (January 1996). "Generalized osteoporosis in a patient with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome (OOCHS), without cerebral defects. A new syndrome?". Clin. Genet. 49 (1): 46–8. PMID 8721572.
  27. ↑ Gong Y, Vikkula M, Boon L, et al. (July 1996). "Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a disorder affecting skeletal strength and vision, is assigned to chromosome region 11q12-13". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59 (1): 146–51. PMID 8659519.
  28. ↑ Huq AH, Braverman RM, Greenberg F, et al. (January 1997). "The Pointer syndrome: a new syndrome with skeletal abnormalities, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and feeding difficulties". Am. J. Med. Genet. 68 (2): 225–30. PMID 9028464.
  29. ↑ Olgaard K, Storm T, van Wowern N, et al. (June 1992). "Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in the lumbar spine, forearm, and mandible of nephrotic patients: a double-blind study on the high-dose, long-term effects of prednisone versus deflazacort". Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (6): 490–7. PMID 1525702.
  30. ↑ Dytfeld J, Horst-Sikorska W (May 2012). "Pregnancy associated osteoporosis--a case report". Ginekol. Pol. 83 (5): 377–9. PMID 22708337.
  31. ↑ Elshal MF, Bernawi AE, Al-Ghamdy MA, Jalal JA (May 2012). "The association of bone mineral density and parathyroid hormone with serum magnesium in adult patients with sickle-cell anaemia". Arch Med Sci 8 (2): 270–6. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.28554. PMID 22662000.
  32. ↑ Gay BB, Kuhn JP (February 1976). "A syndrome of widened medullary cavities of bone, aortic calcification, abnormal dentition, and muscular weakness (the Singleton-Merten syndrome)". Radiology 118 (2): 389–95. PMID 175395.
  33. ↑ Becerra-Solano LE, Butler J, Castañeda-Cisneros G, et al. (March 2009). "A missense mutation, p.V132G, in the X-linked spermine synthase gene (SMS) causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 149A (3): 328–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32641. PMID 19206178.
  34. ↑ Lachman RS, Stoss H, Spranger J (1989). "Sponastrime dysplasia. A radiologic-pathologic correlation". Pediatr Radiol 19 (6-7): 417–24. PMID 2771481.
  35. ↑ Rudolph G, Kalpadakis P, Bettecken T, et al. (May 2003). "Spondylo-ocular syndrome: a new entity with crystalline lens malformation, cataract, retinal detachment, osteoporosis, and platyspondyly". Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135 (5): 681–7. PMID 12719077.
  36. ↑ Jeong SY, Kim BY, Kim HJ, Yang JA, Kim OH (November 2010). "A novel homozygous MMP2 mutation in a patient with Torg-Winchester syndrome". J. Hum. Genet. 55 (11): 764–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.102. PMID 20720557.
  37. ↑ Delépine M, Nicolino M, Barrett T, Golamaully M, Lathrop GM, Julier C (August 2000). "EIF2AK3, encoding translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, is mutated in patients with Wolcott-Rallison syndrome". Nat. Genet. 25 (4): 406–9. doi:10.1038/78085. PMID 10932183.
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