Coronary artery bypass surgery of non–left main CAD to improve survival

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Coronary artery bypass surgery of non–left main CAD to improve survival On the Web

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]

2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Non–Left Main CAD Revascularization to Improve Survival (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. CABG to improve survival is beneficial in patients with significant (≥70% diameter) stenoses in 3 major coronary arteries (with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery) or in the proximal LAD plus 1 other major coronary artery.[2][3][4][5][6][7] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. CABG or PCI to improve survival is beneficial in survivors of sudden cardiac death with presumed ischemia-mediated ventricular tachycardia caused by significant (≥70% diameter) stenosis in a major coronary artery. (CABG Level of Evidence: B[8][9][10]; PCI Level of Evidence: C[9])"
Class III: HARM
"1. CABG or PCI should not be performed with the primary or sole intent to improve survival in patients with SIHD with 1 or more coronary stenoses that are not anatomically or functionally significant (eg, <70% diameter non–left main coronary artery stenosis, fractional flow reserve >0.80, no or only mild ischemia on noninvasive testing), involve only the left circumflex or right coronary artery, or subtend only a small area of viable myocardium.[3][4][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (≥70% diameter) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries with severe or extensive myocardial ischemia (eg, high-risk criteria on stress testing, abnormal intracoronary hemodynamic evaluation, or >20% perfusion defect by myocardial perfusion stress imaging) or target vessels supplying a large area of viable myocardium.[11][12][18][19] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with mild-moderate LV systolic dysfunction (EF 35% to 50%) and significant (≥70% diameter stenosis) multivessel CAD or proximal LAD coronary artery stenosis, when viable myocardium is present in the region of intended revascularization.[3][20][21][22][23][24] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. CABG with a LIMA graft to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (≥70% diameter) stenosis in the proximal LAD artery and evidence of extensive ischemia.[25][26][3][6] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"4. It is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI to improve survival in patients with complex 3-vessel CAD (eg, SYNTAX score >22), with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery, who are good candidates for CABG.[27][28][6][29][30] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"5. CABG is probably recommended in preference to PCI to improve survival in patients with multivessel CAD and diabetes mellitus, particularly if a LIMA graft can be anastomosed to the LAD artery.[18][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. The usefulness of CABG to improve survival is uncertain in patients with significant (≥70%) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries not involving the proximal LAD artery and without extensive ischemia.[6] (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. The usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with 2- or 3-vessel CAD (with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery) or 1-vessel proximal LAD disease.[2][4][6][39] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. CABG might be considered with the primary or sole intent of improving survival in patients with SIHD with severe LV systolic dysfunction (EF <35%) whether or not viable myocardium is present.[3][20][21][22][23][24] (Level of Evidence: B)"
"4. The usefulness of CABG or PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with previous CABG and extensive anterior wall ischemia on noninvasive testing.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] (Level of Evidence: B)"


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823c074e. PMID 22064599.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dzavik V, Ghali WA, Norris C, Mitchell LB, Koshal A, Saunders LD, Galbraith PD, Hui W, Faris P, Knudtson ML (2001). "Long-term survival in 11,661 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the era of stenting: a report from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) Investigators". American Heart Journal. 142 (1): 119–26. doi:10.1067/mhj.2001.116072. PMID 11431667. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R (1994). "Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration". Lancet. 344 (8922): 563–70. PMID 7914958. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR, Mark DB, Smith PK, Nelson CL, Newman MF, Reves JG, Anderson RW, Califf RM (1996). "Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 111 (5): 1013–25. PMID 8622299. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Myers WO, Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, Fisher LD, Kosinski AS, Mock MB, Holmes DR, Ryan TJ, Kaiser GC (1989). "Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 97 (4): 487–95. PMID 2648078. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, Shaw LK, Lee KL, Delong ER, Lilly RE, Sketch MH, Peterson ED, Jones RH (2006). "Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 82 (4): 1420–8, discussion 1428–9. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.044. PMID 16996946. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Varnauskas E (1988). "Twelve-year follow-up of survival in the randomized European Coronary Surgery Study". The New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (6): 332–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM198808113190603. PMID 3260659. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Every NR, Fahrenbruch CE, Hallstrom AP, Weaver WD, Cobb LA (1992). "Influence of coronary bypass surgery on subsequent outcome of patients resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 19 (7): 1435–9. PMID 1593036. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Borger van der Burg AE, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Bootsma M, van Erven L, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ (2003). "Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome after nonfatal cardiac arrest outside the hospital". The American Journal of Cardiology. 91 (7): 785–9. PMID 12667561. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Kaiser GA, Ghahramani A, Bolooki H, Vargas A, Thurer RJ, Williams WH, Myerburg RJ (1975). "Role of coronary artery surgery in patients surviving unexpected cardiac arrest". Surgery. 78 (6): 749–54. PMID 1081278. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Di Carli MF, Maddahi J, Rokhsar S, Schelbert HR, Bianco-Batlles D, Brunken RC, Fromm B (1998). "Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 116 (6): 997–1004. PMID 9832692. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS (2003). "Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography". Circulation. 107 (23): 2900–7. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000072790.23090.41. PMID 12771008. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, Mancini GB, Hayes SW, Hartigan PM, Weintraub WS, O'Rourke RA, Dada M, Spertus JA, Chaitman BR, Friedman J, Slomka P, Heller GV, Germano G, Gosselin G, Berger P, Kostuk WJ, Schwartz RG, Knudtson M, Veledar E, Bates ER, McCallister B, Teo KK, Boden WE (2008). "Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy". Circulation. 117 (10): 1283–91. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743963. PMID 18268144. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Cashin WL, Sanmarco ME, Nessim SA, Blankenhorn DH (1984). "Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in coronary vessels with minimal lesions that are bypassed". The New England Journal of Medicine. 311 (13): 824–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198409273111304. PMID 6332274. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek J Koolen JJ, Koolen JJ (1996). "Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses". The New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (26): 1703–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199606273342604. PMID 8637515. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van' t Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, Fearon WF (2009). "Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (3): 213–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807611. PMID 19144937. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Sawada S, Bapat A, Vaz D, Weksler J, Fineberg N, Greene A, Gradus-Pizlo I, Feigenbaum H (2003). "Incremental value of myocardial viability for prediction of long-term prognosis in surgically revascularized patients with left ventricular dysfunction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 42 (12): 2099–105. PMID 14680734. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sorajja P, Chareonthaitawee P, Rajagopalan N, Miller TD, Frye RL, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ (2005). "Improved survival in asymptomatic diabetic patients with high-risk SPECT imaging treated with coronary artery bypass grafting". Circulation. 112 (9 Suppl): I311–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525022. PMID 16159837. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Davies RF, Goldberg AD, Forman S, Pepine CJ, Knatterud GL, Geller N, Sopko G, Pratt C, Deanfield J, Conti CR (1997). "Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study two-year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization". Circulation. 95 (8): 2037–43. PMID 9133513. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Kaiser GC, Myers WO, Maynard C, Levine F, Schloss M (1983). "Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS)". Circulation. 68 (4): 785–95. PMID 6352078. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 O'Connor CM, Velazquez EJ, Gardner LH, Smith PK, Newman MF, Landolfo KP, Lee KL, Califf RM, Jones RH (2002). "Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experience from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank)". The American Journal of Cardiology. 90 (2): 101–7. PMID 12106836. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Phillips HR, O'Connor CM, Rogers J (2007). "Revascularization for heart failure". American Heart Journal. 153 (4 Suppl): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.026. PMID 17394905. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tarakji KG, Brunken R, McCarthy PM, Al-Chekakie MO, Abdel-Latif A, Pothier CE, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS (2006). "Myocardial viability testing and the effect of early intervention in patients with advanced left ventricular systolic dysfunction". Circulation. 113 (2): 230–7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.541664. PMID 16391157. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Tsuyuki RT, Shrive FM, Galbraith PD, Knudtson ML, Graham MM (2006). "Revascularization in patients with heart failure". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De l'Association Medicale Canadienne. 175 (4): 361–5. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060108. PMC 1534111. PMID 16908896. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ Cameron A, Davis KB, Green G, Schaff HV (1996). "Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts--effects on survival over a 15-year period". The New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (4): 216–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199601253340402. PMID 8531997. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Stewart RW, Goormastic M, Williams GW, Golding LA, Gill CC, Taylor PC, Sheldon WC (1986). "Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events". The New England Journal of Medicine. 314 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM198601023140101. PMID 3484393. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, Culliford AT, Gold JP, Smith CR, Higgins RS, Carlson RE, Jones RH (2008). "Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (4): 331–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071804. PMID 18216353. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, Morice MC, Holmes DR, Ståhle E, Dawkins KD, Mohr FW, Serruys PW, Colombo A (2011). "Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial". European Heart Journal. 32 (17): 2125–34. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr213. PMID 21697170. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Schneider JP, Topol EJ, Lauer MS (2004). "Propensity analysis of long-term survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and high-risk features". Circulation. 109 (19): 2290–5. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000126826.58526.14. PMID 15117846. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, Culliford AT, Isom OW, Gold JP, Rose EA (2005). "Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (21): 2174–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040316. PMID 15917382. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ "Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI)". Circulation. 96 (6): 1761–9. 1997. PMID 9323059. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ "The final 10-year follow-up results from the BARI randomized trial". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 49 (15): 1600–6. 2007. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.048. PMID 17433949. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Mohr FW, Berti S, Glauber M, Kellett MA, Kramer RS, Leadley K, Dawkins KD, Serruys PW (2010). "Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 55 (11): 1067–75. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.057. PMID 20079596. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Hoffman SN, TenBrook JA, Wolf MP, Pauker SG, Salem DN, Wong JB (2003). "A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: one- to eight-year outcomes". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 41 (8): 1293–304. PMID 12706924. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Hueb W, Lopes NH, Gersh BJ, Soares P, Machado LA, Jatene FB, Oliveira SA, Ramires JA (2007). "Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease". Circulation. 115 (9): 1082–9. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.625475. PMID 17339566. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Malenka DJ, Leavitt BJ, Hearne MJ, Robb JF, Baribeau YR, Ryan TJ, Helm RE, Kellett MA, Dauerman HL, Dacey LJ, Silver MT, VerLee PN, Weldner PW, Hettleman BD, Olmstead EM, Piper WD, O'Connor GT (2005). "Comparing long-term survival of patients with multivessel coronary disease after CABG or PCI: analysis of BARI-like patients in northern New England". Circulation. 112 (9 Suppl): I371–6. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526392. PMID 16159849. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Niles NW, McGrath PD, Malenka D, Quinton H, Wennberg D, Shubrooks SJ, Tryzelaar JF, Clough R, Hearne MJ, Hernandez F, Watkins MW, O'Connor GT (2001). "Survival of patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of a large regional prospective study. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 37 (4): 1008–15. PMID 11263600. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Weintraub WS, Stein B, Kosinski A, Douglas JS, Ghazzal ZM, Jones EL, Morris DC, Guyton RA, Craver JM, King SB (1998). "Outcome of coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 31 (1): 10–9. PMID 9426011. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, Knudtson M, Dada M, Casperson P, Harris CL, Chaitman BR, Shaw L, Gosselin G, Nawaz S, Title LM, Gau G, Blaustein AS, Booth DC, Bates ER, Spertus JA, Berman DS, Mancini GB, Weintraub WS (2007). "Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (15): 1503–16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070829. PMID 17387127. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Ellis SG, Topol EJ, Lauer MS (2006). "Predictors of revascularization method and long-term outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention or repeat coronary bypass surgery in patients with multivessel coronary disease and previous coronary bypass surgery". European Heart Journal. 27 (4): 413–8. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi646. PMID 16272211. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Gurfinkel EP, Perez de la Hoz R, Brito VM, Duronto E, Dabbous OH, Gore JM, Anderson FA (2007). "Invasive vs non-invasive treatment in acute coronary syndromes and prior bypass surgery". International Journal of Cardiology. 119 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.07.058. PMID 17045681. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Lytle BW, Loop FD, Taylor PC, Goormastic M, Stewart RW, Novoa R, McCarthy P, Cosgrove DM (1993). "The effect of coronary reoperation on the survival of patients with stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 105 (4): 605–12, discussion 612–4. PMID 8468995. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  43. ↑ Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, Henderson W, Grover F, Sedlis S, Esposito R, Ramanathan K, Weiman D, Saucedo J, Antakli T, Paramesh V, Pett S, Vernon S, Birjiniuk V, Welt F, Krucoff M, Wolfe W, Lucke JC, Mediratta S, Booth D, Barbiere C, Lewis D (2001). "Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery for patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia and risk factors for adverse outcomes with bypass: a multicenter, randomized trial. Investigators of the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #385, the Angina With Extremely Serious Operative Mortality Evaluation (AWESOME)". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 38 (1): 143–9. PMID 11451264. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Pfautsch P, Frantz E, Ellmer A, Sauer HU, Fleck E (1999). "[Long-term outcome of therapy of recurrent myocardial ischemia after surgical revascularization]". Zeitschrift Für Kardiologie (in German). 88 (7): 489–97. PMID 10467648. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ↑ Sergeant P, Blackstone E, Meyns B, Stockman B, Jashari R (1998). "First cardiological or cardiosurgical reintervention for ischemic heart disease after primary coronary artery bypass grafting". European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 14 (5): 480–7. PMID 9860204. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Stephan WJ, O'Keefe JH, Piehler JM, McCallister BD, Dahiya RS, Shimshak TM, Ligon RW, Hartzler GO (1996). "Coronary angioplasty versus repeat coronary artery bypass grafting for patients with previous bypass surgery". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 28 (5): 1140–6. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00286-0. PMID 8890807. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ↑ Subramanian S, Sabik JF, Houghtaling PL, Nowicki ER, Blackstone EH, Lytle BW (2009). "Decision-making for patients with patent left internal thoracic artery grafts to left anterior descending". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 87 (5): 1392–8, discussion 1400. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.032. PMID 19379872. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ↑ Weintraub WS, Jones EL, Morris DC, King SB, Guyton RA, Craver JM (1997). "Outcome of reoperative coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty after previous bypass surgery". Circulation. 95 (4): 868–77. PMID 9054744. Retrieved 2011-12-13. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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