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===Osteomyelitis, chronic===
===Osteomyelitis, chronic===
*1. Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults – Pathogen-Based Therapy <ref name="pmid22157324">{{cite journal| author=Spellberg B, Lipsky BA| title=Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-407 | pmid=22157324 | doi=10.1093/cid/cir842 | pmc=PMC3491855 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22157324  }} </ref>
*1. '''Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults – Pathogen-Based Therapy''' <ref name="pmid22157324">{{cite journal| author=Spellberg B, Lipsky BA| title=Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-407 | pmid=22157324 | doi=10.1093/cid/cir842 | pmc=PMC3491855 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22157324  }} </ref>
<ref name=Uptodate>{{cite web | url =http://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=chronic+osteomyelitis&sp=0&searchType=PLAIN_TEXT&source=USER_INPUT&searchControl=TOP_PULLDOWN&searchOffset= }}</ref>
<ref name=Uptodate>{{cite web | url =http://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=chronic+osteomyelitis&sp=0&searchType=PLAIN_TEXT&source=USER_INPUT&searchControl=TOP_PULLDOWN&searchOffset= }}</ref>
:*1.1 OSSA
:*1.1 '''OSSA'''
::* Preferred regimen: [[Oxacillin]] 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 wk {{or}} [[Cefazolin]] 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 wk
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Oxacillin]] 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 weeks
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 wk
 
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 wk {{and}} [[Rifampin]] 600 mg PO qd
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Cefazolin]] 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 weeks
:*1.2 ORSA
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
::* Preferred regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 wk {{or}} [[Daptomycin]] 6 mg/kg IV q24h
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Oxacillin]] 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 weeks {{and}} [[Rifampin]] 600 mg PO qd
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 6 wk {{withorwithout}} [[Rifampin]] 600–900 mg PO qd
:*1.2 '''ORSA'''
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Levofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO/IV daily {{withorwithout}} [[Rifampin]] 600–900 mg PO qd
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
 
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Daptomycin]] 6 mg/kg IV q24h
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Linezolid]] 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 6 weeks {{withorwithout}} [[Rifampin]] 600–900 mg PO qd
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Levofloxacin]] 500–750 mg/day PO/IV {{withorwithout}} [[Rifampin]] 600–900 mg PO qd
:*1.3 Penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus
:*1.3 Penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus
::* Preferred regimen: [[Penicillin G]] 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 wk {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 1–2 g IV/IM q24h for 4–6 wk {{or}} [[Cefazolin]] 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 wk
::* Preferred regimen: [[Penicillin G]] 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[Ceftriaxone]] 1–2 g IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[Cefazolin]] 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 weeks
::* Alternative regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 wk
::* Alternative regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
:*1.4 Enterococcus or Streptococcus (MIC≥0.5 μg/mL) or Abiotrophia or Granulicatella
:*1.4 Enterococcus or Streptococcus (MIC≥0.5 μg/mL) or Abiotrophia or Granulicatella
::* Preferred regimen: [[Penicillin G]] 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 wk {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 wk {{or}} [[Ampicillin]] 12 g/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 wk {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 wk
::* Preferred regimen: [[Penicillin G]] 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks {{or}} [[Ampicillin]] 12 g/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks
::* Alternative regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 wk {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 wk
::* Alternative regimen: [[Vancomycin]] 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks {{withorwithout}} [[Gentamicin]] 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks
:*1.5 Enterobacteriaceae
:*1.5 Enterobacteriaceae
::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 1–2 g IV/IM q24h for 4–6 wk {{or}} [[Ertapenem]] 1 g IV q24h
::* Preferred regimen: [[Ceftriaxone]] 1–2 g IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks {{or}} [[Ertapenem]] 1 g IV q24h
::* Alternative regimen: [[Levofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO q24h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO q12h for 4–6 wk
::* Alternative regimen: [[Levofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO q24h {{or}} [[Ciprofloxacin]] 500–750 mg PO q12h for 4–6 weeks
:*1.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
:*1.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
::* Preferred regimen: [[Cefepime]] 2 g IV q12h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 500 mg IV q6h for 4–6 wk
::* Preferred regimen: [[Cefepime]] 2 g IV q12h {{or}} [[Meropenem]] 1 g IV q8h {{or}} [[Imipenem]] 500 mg IV q6h for 4–6 weeks
::* Alternative regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 750 mg PO q12h {{or}} [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h for 4–6 wk
::* Alternative regimen: [[Ciprofloxacin]] 750 mg PO q12h {{or}} [[Ceftazidime]] 2 g IV q8h for 4–6 weeks
 
*2. Chronic Osteomyelitis in Children – Pathogen-Based Therapy
*2. Chronic Osteomyelitis in Children – Pathogen-Based Therapy
:* ''Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Streptococcus pneumoniae''
:* ''Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Streptococcus pneumoniae''

Revision as of 15:29, 30 July 2015

Bursitis

  • Olecranon bursitis or prepatellar bursitis [1]
  • 1. Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible (MSSA)
  • 2. Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant (MRSA)
  • Preferred regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO qd

Osteomyelitis, candidal

  • Osteomyelitis, candidal [2]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Fluconazole 400 mg/day (6 mg/kg/day) PO for 6–12 months
  • Alternative regimen (2): Caspofungin 70mg loading dose THEN 50 mg/day PO
  • Alternative regimen (3): Micafungin 100 mg/day PO
  • Alternative regimen (4): Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.5–1 mg/kg/day PO for several weeks THEN Fluconazole for 6–12 months
  • Note: Duration of therapy usually is prolonged (6–12 months); Surgical debridement is frequently necessary

Osteomyelitis, chronic

  • 1. Chronic Osteomyelitis in Adults – Pathogen-Based Therapy [3]

[4]

  • 1.1 OSSA
  • Preferred regimen (1): Oxacillin 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefazolin 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen (2): Oxacillin 1.5–2 g IV q4h for 4–6 weeks AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd
  • 1.2 ORSA
  • Preferred regimen (1): Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
  • Preferred regimen (2): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h for 6 weeks ± Rifampin 600–900 mg PO qd
  • Alternative regimen (2): Levofloxacin 500–750 mg/day PO/IV ± Rifampin 600–900 mg PO qd
  • 1.3 Penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks OR Ceftriaxone 1–2 g IV/IM q24h for 4–6 weeks OR Cefazolin 1–2 g IV q8h for 4–6 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks
  • 1.4 Enterococcus or Streptococcus (MIC≥0.5 μg/mL) or Abiotrophia or Granulicatella
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin G 20 MU/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks ± Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks OR Ampicillin 12 g/day IV continuously or q4h for 4–6 weeks ± Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4–6 weeks ± Gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV/IM q8h for 1–2 weeks
  • 1.5 Enterobacteriaceae
  • 1.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • 2. Chronic Osteomyelitis in Children – Pathogen-Based Therapy
  • Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Preferred regimen: Ampicillin 150–200 mg/kg/day administered in 4 equal doses OR Amoxicillin 150–200 mg/kg/day administered in 4 equal doses
  • Alternative regimen: Chloramphenicol 75 mg/kg/day administered in 3 equal doses

Osteomyelitis, contiguous with vascular insufficiency

  • Osteomyelitis, contiguous with vascular insufficiency [5]
  • Note (1): Debride overlying ulcer and send bone specimen for histology and culture.
  • Note (2): No empiric antimicrobial therapy unless acutely ill.
  • Note (3): Antibiotic therapy should be based on culture results and treat for 6 weeks.
  • Note (4): Revascularize if possible.

Osteomyelitis, diabetic foot

  • 1. Chronic Infection or Recent Antibiotic Use [6]
  • Preferred regimen: Levofloxacin 750 mg IV/PO q24h OR Cefoxitin 1 g IV q4h (or 2 g IV q6–8h) OR Ceftriaxone 1–2 g/day IV/IM q12–24h OR Ampicillin–Sulbactam 1.5–3 g IV/IM q6h OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/PO q24h OR Ertapenem 1 g IV/IM q24h OR Tigecycline 100 mg IV, then 50 mg IV q12h (active against MRSA) OR Imipenem–Cilastatin 0.5–1 g IV q6–8h (Not active against MRSA; consider when ESBL-producing pathogens suspected)
  • Alternative regimen (1): Levofloxacin 750 mg IV/PO q24h AND Clindamycin 150–300 mg PO qid
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ciprofloxacin 600–1200 mg/day IV q6–12h AND Clindamycin 150–300 mg PO qid
  • Alternative regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 1200–2700 mg IV q6–12h (for more severe cases) AND Clindamycin 150–300 mg PO qid
  • 2. High Risk for MRSA
  • 3. High Risk for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • 4. Polymicrobial Infection

Osteomyelitis, foot bone

  • Foot bone osteomyelitis due to nail through tennis shoe [7]

Osteomyelitis, foot puncture wound

  • Long bone, post-internal fixation of fracture [8]

Osteomyelitis, hematogenous

  • 1. Empiric therapy [9]
  • 1.1 Adult (>21 yrs)
  • 1.1.1 MRSA possible
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h (if over 100 kg, 1.5 g IV q12h)
  • 1.1.2 MRSA unlikely
  • 1.2 Children (>4 mos.)-Adult
  • 1.2.1 MRSA possible
  • 1.2.2 MRSA unlikely
  • 1.3 Newborn (<4 mos.)
  • 1.3.1 MRSA possible
  • 1.3.2 MRSA unlikely
  • 2. Specific therapy
  • 2.1 MSSA
  • 2.2 MRSA

Osteomyelitis, hemoglobinopathy

  • Osteomyelitis, hemoglobinopathy [10]

Osteomyelitis, spinal implant

  • 1. Onset within 30 days [11]
  • Preferred regimen: Culture, treat & then suppress until fusion occurs
  • 2. Onset after 30 days
  • Preferred regimen: Remove implant, culture & treat

Osteomyelitis, vertebral

  • Vertebral Osteomyelitis – Pathogen-Based Therapy [12] [13]
  • 1. OSSA or coagulase-negative staphylococci
  • 2. ORSA
  • 3. Streptococcus
  • 4. Enterobacteriaceae, quinolone-susceptible
  • 5. Enterobacteriaceae, quinolone-resistant
  • Preferred regimen: Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
  • 6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • 7. Anaerobes

Osteomyelitis, sternal

  • Osteomyelitis, sternal [14]
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h (If over 100kg, 1.5 g IV q12h)
  • Alternative regimen: Linezolid 600 mg po/IVNAI bid

Osteonecrosis of the jaw

  • 1. Bacterial Infection [15]
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin VK 500 mg PO q6–8h for 7–10 days (maintenance: 500 mg PO bid) OR Amoxicillin 500 mg PO q8h for 7–10 days (maintenance: 500 mg PO bid)
  • Alternative regimen: Clindamycin 150–300 mg PO qid OR Doxycycline 100 mg PO qd OR Erythromycin 400 mg PO tid OR Azithromycin 500 mg PO for 1 dose, then 250 mg PO qd for 4 days OR Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd OR Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO qd
  • 2. Fungal Infection
  • Preferred regimen: Nystatin oral suspension 5–15 mL swish qid OR Fluconazole 200 mg PO qd, then 100 mg q24h OR Clotrimazole 10 mg PO tid for 7–10 days
  • 3. Viral Infection

Reactive arthritis, post-streptococcal arthritis

  • Reactive arthritis, post-streptococcal arthritis [16]
  • Preferred regimen: Treat strep pharyngitis and then NSAIDs (Prednisone needed in some patients)

Reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome

  • Reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome [17]
  • Preferred regimen: Only treatment is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Septic arthritis, Brucella melitensis

  • Septic arthritis, Brucella melitensis [18]

Septic arthritis, candidal

  • Septic arthritis, candidal [2]
  • Preferred regimen: Fluconazole 400 mg (6 mg/kg) daily for at least 6 weeks OR lipid formulation of Amphotericin B 3–5 mg/kg daily for several weeks, then Fluconazole to completion
  • Alternative regimen: Anidulafungin 200-mg loading dose, then 100 mg/day OR Caspofungin 70-mg loading dose, then 50 mg/day OR Micafungin 100 mg/day OR Amphotericin B deoxycholate 0.5–1 mg/kg daily for several weeks then Fluconazole to completion
  • Note: Duration of therapy usually is for at least 6 weeks, but few data are available; Surgical debridement is recommended for all cases; For infected prosthetic joints, removal is recommended for most cases.

Septic arthritis, gonococcal

  • Septic arthritis, gonococcal [19]
  • Preferred regimen: Ceftriaxone 1 g intramuscularly IM/IV every 24 h
  • Alternative regimen: Cefotaxime 1 g IV every 8 hours OR Ceftizoxime 1 g IV every 8 hours
  • Note: The tetracyclines (except in pregnant women) or penicillins may be used if the infecting organism is proven to be susceptible; Penicillin allergies should be given Spectinomycin (2 g IV every 12 h);Alternative antibiotics in the β-lactam-allergic patient may be Ciprofloxacin (500 mg IV every 12 h) or Ofloxacin (400 mg IV every 12 h)
  • Pediatric regimen: (>45 kg) single daily dose of Ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg and a maximum dose of 2 g, IM or IV) for 10 to 14 days; (<45 kg) Ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg and a maximum dose of 1 g, IM or IV in a single daily dose for 7 days)

Septic arthritis, Gram-negative bacilli

  • Septic arthritis, Gram-negative bacilli [20]

Septic arthritis, Histoplasmosis

  • Septic arthritis, histoplasmosis[21]
  • 1. Mild disease
  • 2. Severe disease
  • Preferred regimen: Prednisone 0.5–1.0 mg/kg/day (maximum: 80 mg daily) in tapering doses over 1–2 weeks AND Itraconazole 200 mg tid for 3 days, followed by qd or bid for 6–12 weeks

Septic arthritis, Lyme disease

  • Septic arthritis, Lyme disease [22]
  • 1. Patients without clinical evidence of neurologic disease
  • Preferred regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg twice per day OR Amoxicillin 500 mg 3 times per day OR Cefuroxime Axetil 500 mg twice per day for 28 days
  • Pediatric regimen: Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg per day in 3 divided doses maximum of 500 mg per dose OR Cefuroxime Axetil 30 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses maximum of 500 mg per dose OR (if the patient is ≥8 years of age) Doxycycline 4 mg/ kg per day in 2 divided doses (maximum of 100 mg per dose)
  • 2. Patients with arthritis and objective evidence of neurologic disease
  • Note (1): For patients who have persistent or recurrent joint swelling after a recommended course of oral antibiotic therapy, we recommend re-treatment with another 4-week course of oral antibiotics or with a 2–4-week course of Ceftriaxone IV
  • Note (2): If patients have no resolution of arthritis despite intravenous therapy and if PCR results for a sample of synovial fluid (and synovial tissue if available) are negative, symptomatic treatment is recommended, which consist of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, intra-articular injections of corticosteroids, or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as Hydroxychloroquine.

Septic arthritis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Septic arthritis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis[23]
  • 1. Septic arthritis caused by susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • 1.1 Adults
  • 1.1.1 Intensive phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) for 2 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) for 2 months AND Ethambutol 15–20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) for 2 months
  • 1.1.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 5 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) for 7 months AND Rifampin 10 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) for 7 months
  • 1.2 Pediatric
  • 1.2.1 Intensive phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10–15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) for 2 months AND Rifampin 10–20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) for 2 months AND Pyrazinamide 15–30 mg/kg (max: 2 g) for 2 months AND Ethambutol 15–20 mg/kg (max: 1 g) for 2 months
  • 1.2.2 Continuation phase
  • Preferred regimen: Isoniazid 10–15 mg/kg (max: 300 mg) for 7 months AND Rifampin 10–20 mg/kg (max: 600 mg) for 7 months
  • 2. Specific considerations
  • 2.1 Pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • With the exception of streptomycin, the first line anti-TB drugs are safe for use in pregnancy: Streptomycin is ototoxic to the fetus and should not be used during pregnancy.
  • After active TB in the baby is ruled out, the baby should be given 6 months of isoniazid preventive therapy, followed by BCG vaccination.
  • Pyridoxine supplementation is recommended for all pregnant or breastfeeding women taking isoniazid.
  • 2.2 Liver disorders
  • Two hepatotoxic drugs (rather than the three in the standard regimen):
  • One hepatotoxic drug:
  • No hepatotoxic drugs:
  • 2.3 Renal failure and severe renal insufficiency
  • The recommended initial TB treatment regimen for patients with renal failure or severe renal insufficiency is 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin.
  • There is significant renal excretion of ethambutol and metabolites of pyrazinamide, and doses should therefore be adjusted.
  • Three times per week administration of these two drugs at the following doses is recommended: pyrazinamide (25 mg/kg), and ethambutol (15 mg/kg)
  • While receiving isoniazid, patients with severe renal insufficiency or failure should also be given pyridoxine in order to prevent peripheral neuropathy.
  • Because of an increased risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, Streptomycin should be avoided in patients with renal failure. If Streptomycin must be used, the dosage is 15 mg/kg, two or three times per week, to a maximum of 1 gram per dose, and serum levels of the drug should be monitored.
  • 2.4 Previously treated patients in settings with rapid DST
  • TB patients whose treatment has failed or other patient groups with high likelihood of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR) should be started on an empirical MDR regimen.
  • TB patients returning after defaulting or relapsing from their first treatment course may receive the retreatment regimen containing first-line drugs 2HRZES/1HRZE/5HRE if country-specific data show low or medium levels of MDR in these patients or if such data are not available.
  • 2.5 TB treatment in people living with HIV
  • TB patients with known positive HIV status and all TB patients living in HIV prevalent settings should receive daily TB treatment at least during the intensive phase.
  • For the continuation phase, the optimal dosing frequency is also daily for these patients.
  • If a daily continuation phase is not possible for these patients, three times weekly dosing during the continuation phase is an acceptable alternative.
  • It is recommended that TB patients who are living with HIV should receive at least the same duration of TB treatment as HIV-negative TB patients.

Septic arthritis, pneumococcal

Septic arthritis, post-intraarticular injection

  • Septic arthritis, post-intraarticular injection [24]
  • NO empiric therapy.

Septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infection

  • Septic arthritis, prosthetic joint infection (device-related osteoarticular infections) [25]
  • 1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy
  • It is preferable to delay antibiotic therapy until specimens for culture are obtained by joint aspiration, joint debridement, and/or prosthesis removal.
  • 2. Pathogen-directed antimicrobial therapy
  • 2.1 Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible (MSSA)
  • 2.2 Staphylococcus, methicillin-resistant (MRSA)
  • 2.2.1 Early-onset (< 2 months after surgery) or acute hematogenous prosthetic joint infections involving a stable implant with short duration (< 3 weeks) of symptoms and debridement (but device retention)
  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
  • Alternative regimen: (Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h OR Linezolid 600 IV q8h) AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd or 300–450 mg PO bid for 2 weeks
  • Note: The above regimen should be followed by Rifampin plus a fluoroquinolone, TMP/SMX, a tetracycline or Clindamycin for 3 or 6 months for hips and knees, respectively.
  • 2.2.2 Early-onset spinal implant infections (< 30 days after surgery), or implants in an actively infected site
  • Initial parenteral therapy plus Rifampin followed by prolonged oral therapy is recommended.
  • Long-term oral suppressive antibiotics (eg, TMP-SMX, a tetracycline, a fluoroquinolone [which should be given in conjunction with Rifampin due to the potential emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance)
  • 2.3 Streptococci, beta-hemolytic
  • 2.4 Enterococci
  • 2.4.1 Monotherapy
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ampicillin 6 to 12 g per 24 hours in four to six equally divided doses
  • Preferred regimen (2): Penicillin G 18 to 30 million units per 24 hours either continuously or in six equally divided doses
  • Preferred regimen (3): Vancomycin 15 to 20 mg/kg/dose every 8 to 12 hours, not to exceed 2 g per dose
  • 2.4.2 Combination therapy (one of the monotherapy agents, and one of the following agents)
  • 2.5 Gram-negative bacilli
  • Patients susceptible to fluoroquinolones
  • 2.5.1 P. aeruginosa
  • Preferred regimen: Cefepime 2 g intravenously every 12 hours OR Meropenem 1 g intravenously every 8 hours
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg orally every 12 hours Ceftazidime 2 g intravenously every 8 hours (alternative)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Ceftazidime 2 g intravenously every 8 hours
  • 2.6 Anaerobes
  • 2.6.1Propionibacterium acnes
  • Preferred regimen: Penicillin 24 million units intravenously every 24 hours given in six equally divided doses or as continuous infusion OR Ceftriaxone 1 to 2 g intravenously once daily
  • Alternative regimen: Vancomycin OR Clindamycin
  • 2.6.2 Not Propionibacterium acnes
  • Preferred regimen: Metronidazole 500 mg orally three times a day.
  • 2.7 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Preferred regimen: see (Septic arthritis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • 2.8 Fungi
  • Preferred regimen: see (Septic arthritis, candidal)
  • 2.9 Culture negative

Septic arthritis, staphylococcal

  • 1.Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant) [26][27]
  • Preferred regime: Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8–12h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Daptomycin 6 mg/kg IV q24h in adults
  • Alternative regimen (2): Linezolid 600 mg PO/IV q12h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Clindamycin 600 mg PO/IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (4): TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h
  • Pediatric regimen: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q6h OR Daptomycin 6–10 mg/kg IV q24h OR Linezolid 10 mg/kg PO/IV q8h OR Clindamycin 10–13 mg/kg/dose PO/IV q6–8h

2. Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible)

3. Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-resistant)

  • Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 500 mg IV q6h or 1 g IV q12h OR Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • Alternative regimen: TMP-SMX 3.5–4.0 mg/kg PO/IV q8–12h (TMP component) OR Minocycline 200 mg PO x 1 dose, then 100 mg PO q12h AND Rifampin 300–600 mg PO/IV q12h

4. Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible)

Septic arthritis, streptococcal

1. Streptococcus agalactiae [28]

2. Streptococcus pyogenes

References

  1. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK, Calandra TF, Edwards JE; et al. (2009). "Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 48 (5): 503–35. doi:10.1086/596757. PMID 19191635.
  3. Spellberg B, Lipsky BA (2012). "Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults". Clin Infect Dis. 54 (3): 393–407. doi:10.1093/cid/cir842. PMC 3491855. PMID 22157324.
  4. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/search?search=chronic+osteomyelitis&sp=0&searchType=PLAIN_TEXT&source=USER_INPUT&searchControl=TOP_PULLDOWN&searchOffset=. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  6. Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG; et al. (2013). "2012 infectious diseases society of america clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections". J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 103 (1): 2–7. PMID 23328846.
  7. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
  8. Gilbert, David (2015). The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy. Sperryville, Va: Antimicrobial Therapy. ISBN 978-1930808843.
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