Rheumatoid arthritis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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{{Rheumatoid arthritis}}
__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AN}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Rheumatoid_arthritis]]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MKK}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
==Differential Diagnosis==
[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] must be differentiated from  [[osteoarthritis]] , [[septic arthritis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Behçet's disease|behcet's disease]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]].
*[[Osteoarthritis]] (OA):
 
**Signs and symptoms of [[osteoarthritis]] are usually minimal and spares the [[wrist joint]] and the [[metacarpophalangeal joint]]. It typically affects the [[distal inter-phalangeal joint]] and frequently associated with [[Heberden's nodes]].
==Differentiating Rheumatoid arthritis from other Diseases==
**[[Joint stiffness]] is usually minimal in OA and lasts less than one hour. In contrast, [[joint stiffness]] is a very prominent symptom of RA and should last more than an hour for atleast 6 weeks in order to fulfill the criteria for diagnosis defined by The American College of Rheumatology.<ref name="pmid3358796">{{cite journal |author=Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, ''et al.'' |title=The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=315–24 |year=1988 |month=March |pmid=3358796 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-04-27}}</ref>
<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:'''
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] (SLE):  
'''ANA:''' [[Anti-nuclear antibody|Antinuclear antibody]], '''RF:''' [[Rheumatoid factor]], '''Anti-CCp:''' [[Anti-citrullinated protein antibody|Anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibody]], '''Anti U1RNP:''' Anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein antibodies , '''Anti Sm :''' Anti-Sm antibodies, '''Anti Ro:''' Anti Ro antibody also called anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A antibody, '''Anti-dsDNA:''' [[Anti-dsDNA antbodies|Anti-double stranded DNA]].
**Symptoms specific to SLE like butterfly [[malar rash]], [[Discoid lupus erythromatosus]], [[photosensitivity]], myositis, nephritis are not seen in RA.
</span>
**The [[C reactive protein levels]] are often normal or mildly elevated in SLE, whereas it is always elevated in RA. However, the [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] is found to be elevated in both.
<small>
*[[Septic arthritis]]
{| class="wikitable"
**Bacterial cause: Characterized by fever, chills, joint swelling and tenderness, demonstration of causative organism in the aspirated joint fluid by [[gram staining]] or [[microbial culture]].
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
**Viral cause: [[rubella]], [[parvovirus B19]], [[hepatitis B virus]], [[hepatitis C virus]] are the most common responsible etiologic agents. The syndrome is often self limiting, lasting for a few weeks, and rarely beyond 6 weeks. [[Serology]] can help identifying [[HBV]], [[HCV]], [[parvovirus B19]]. Anti-CCP antibody is more specific than [[Rheumatoid factor]] for establishing a diagnosis of RA, as [[Rheumatoid factor]] levels may be raised in [[HCV]] infection.
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Arthritis
**[[Lyme Arthritis]]: It is characterized by intermittent, persistent or migratory pattern of arthritis, often involving large joints like knee, shoulder, ankle, elbow, wrist and [[temporomandibular joint]] in the decreasing order of incidence. Involvement of small joints of the hand is not common with [[Lyme disease]]. Diagnosis is made by [[serology]]. Other clues include residing in an endemic area, antecedent history of [[erythema chronicum migrans]].
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Auto-antibodies
*[[Gout]]:  
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Raynaud phenomenon
**Chronic [[gout]] can assume a polyarticular pattern and can be confused with RA. However, demonstration of urate crystals in the aspirated joint fluid and presence of [[tophus|tophi]] on physical examination can help establish diagnosis.
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Rash pattern
*[[Polymyalgia rheumatica]]:
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Distinguishing/specific features
**It often asymmetric, seen in those above 50 years of age, involves proximal muscles of shoulder and hip, and tends to have a milder course.
|-
**Stiffness involves the axial muscles more often than the small joints of hand that predominates RA.
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Polyarthritis
**They are typically seronegative or have only a mild elevation of [[Rheumatoid factor]] and respond dramatically to [[glucocorticoids]].
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Tenderness
*[[Paraneoplastic syndromes]]:
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Edema
**Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy]]: Characterized by clubbing of digits, joint pain (deep and nagging type) and [[periosteal reaction]].
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Deformity /Erosion
**[[Myelodysplastic syndrome]]: Patients with [[myelodysplastic syndrome]] often present with various [[autoimmune diseases]] including [[polyarthritis]] which could be confused with RA.<ref name="pmid15827686">{{cite journal |author=Farmakis D, Polymeropoulos E, Polonifi A, ''et al.'' |title=Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with multiple autoimmune disorders |journal=[[Clinical Rheumatology]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=428–30 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=15827686 |doi=10.1007/s10067-004-1059-4 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-004-1059-4 |accessdate=2012-04-27}}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Pattern
*Other differentials:
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |ANA
**[[Fibromyalgia]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |RF
**[[Polychondritis]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Anti-CCp
**[[Psoriatic arthritis]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Anti U1RNP
**[[Sarcoidosis]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Anti Sm
**[[Sjogren syndrome]]
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Anti Ro
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Anti-dsDNA
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Behçet's disease]]
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Medium and large joints
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|
|Recurrent and usually painful [[mucocutaneous]] ulcers, [[Acneiform eruption|acneiform]] [[lesions]], papulo-vesiculo-[[Pustular rash|pustular]] eruptions, superficial [[thrombophlebitis]]
|Male dominancy
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref name="pmid25074031">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ehmke TA, Cherian JJ, Wu ES, Jauregui JJ, Banerjee S, Mont MA |title=Treatment of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review |journal=Curr Rheumatol Rep |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=441 |year=2014 |pmid=25074031 |doi=10.1007/s11926-014-0441-8 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |Small joints
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]  ([[Rheumatoid arthritis|RA]])<ref name="pmid11567728">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee DM, Weinblatt ME |title=Rheumatoid arthritis |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9285 |pages=903–11 |year=2001 |pmid=11567728 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06075-5 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" |Small and large joints
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |↑↑
| align="center" |↑↑
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | +
|[[Subcutaneous]] [[nodules]]
|Erosive [[arthropathy]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Rhupus<ref name="pmid3382309">{{cite journal |vauthors=Panush RS, Edwards NL, Longley S, Webster E |title='Rhupus' syndrome |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=148 |issue=7 |pages=1633–6 |year=1988 |pmid=3382309 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | +
| align="center" |Small and large joints
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | +
|[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]]
|Erosive [[arthropathy]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Mixed connective tissue disease]] (MCTD)<ref name="pmid21959290">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cappelli S, Bellando Randone S, Martinović D, Tamas MM, Pasalić K, Allanore Y, Mosca M, Talarico R, Opris D, Kiss CG, Tausche AK, Cardarelli S, Riccieri V, Koneva O, Cuomo G, Becker MO, Sulli A, Guiducci S, Radić M, Bombardieri S, Aringer M, Cozzi F, Valesini G, Ananyeva L, Valentini G, Riemekasten G, Cutolo M, Ionescu R, Czirják L, Damjanov N, Rednic S, Matucci Cerinic M |title="To be or not to be," ten years after: evidence for mixed connective tissue disease as a distinct entity |journal=Semin. Arthritis Rheum. |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=589–98 |year=2012 |pmid=21959290 |doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.010 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | +
| align="center" |Small and large joints
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" |↑↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | +
|Cutaneous eruptions, [[Gottron's papules|gottron’s papules]], photodistributed [[erythema]], [[Poikiloderma of civatte|poikiloderma]], and [[calcinosis cutis]]
|Overlapping features of SLE, [[systemic sclerosis]] (SSc), and [[polymyositis]] (PM) that lead to more than one diagnosis
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Undifferentiated connective tissue disease]] (UCTD)<ref name="pmid1757934">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alarcón GS, Williams GV, Singer JZ, Steen VD, Clegg DO, Paulus HE, Billingsley LM, Luggen ME, Polisson RP, Willkens RF |title=Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease. I. Early clinical manifestation in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases compared with cohorts of well established connective tissue disease |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1332–9 |year=1991 |pmid=1757934 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | +
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Lower extremity
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | +
|[[Erythematous]] [[macules]], patches, or [[papules]] with delicate scale
|Multiple connective tissue diseases with no enough criteria for a single diagnosis
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Systemic sclerosis]] (SSc)<ref name="pmid3361530">{{cite journal |vauthors=LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, Jablonska S, Krieg T, Medsger TA, Rowell N, Wollheim F |title=Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis |journal=J. Rheumatol. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=202–5 |year=1988 |pmid=3361530 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" |Lower extremity
| align="center" |↑↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | +
|[[Hyperkeratosis]], [[edema]], and [[erythema]]
|[[Sclerodactyly]], [[Telangiectasias]], [[Calcinosis]], [[Malignant hypertension]], [[acute renal failure]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sjögren’s syndrome]]<ref name="pmid15485020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roguedas AM, Misery L, Sassolas B, Le Masson G, Pennec YL, Youinou P |title=Cutaneous manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome are underestimated |journal=Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=632–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15485020 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |[[Lower extremity]], axiallary creases
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" |↑
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Xerosis]], scaly skin, annular [[erythema]]
 
|[[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]]
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Vasculitis
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Giant cell]]<ref name="pmid17031245">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bablekos GD, Michaelides SA, Karachalios GN, Nicolaou IN, Batistatou AK, Charalabopoulos KA |title=Pericardial involvement as an atypical manifestation of giant cell arteritis: report of a clinical case and literature review |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=332 |issue=4 |pages=198–204 |year=2006 |pmid=17031245 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Distal extremity
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| rowspan="3" align="center" | -
|Rare
|Involvement of cranial branches of arteries, visual loss
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Takayasu's arteritis|Takayasu]]<ref name="pmid12655">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lupi-Herrera E, Sánchez-Torres G, Marcushamer J, Mispireta J, Horwitz S, Vela JE |title=Takayasu's arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=94–103 |year=1977 |pmid=12655 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" | +/-
| align="center" | +/-
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Transient extremity
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Erythema nodosum]], [[pyoderma gangrenosum]]
|Absent or weak peripheral pulse
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Polyarteritis nodosa|Poly-arteritis nodosa]]<ref name="pmid20112401">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Le Guern V, Bienvenu B, Mouthon L, Guillevin L |title=Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=616–26 |year=2010 |pmid=20112401 |doi=10.1002/art.27240 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | +/-
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |General and mild
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Tenderness|Tender]] [[Erythematous rash|erythematous nodules]], [[purpura]], [[livedo reticularis]], [[bullous]] or [[Vesicular|vesicular eruption]]
|[[Testicular pain]] or [[tenderness]] and [[neuropathies]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Kikuchi's Disease|Kikuchi’s disease]]<ref name="pmid16538388">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kucukardali Y, Solmazgul E, Kunter E, Oncul O, Yildirim S, Kaplan M |title=Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: analysis of 244 cases |journal=Clin. Rheumatol. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=50–4 |year=2007 |pmid=16538388 |doi=10.1007/s10067-006-0230-5 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |medium and large joints
| align="center" |↑/↓
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|Transient skin [[rashes]], [[malar rash]], [[Macule|erythematous macules]], patches, [[papules]], or [[plaques]]
|May be associated with SLE
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Serum sickness]]<ref name="pmid3564980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P, Viander M |title=Serum-sickness-like disease is a common cause of acute arthritis in children |journal=Acta Paediatr Scand |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=964–9 |year=1986 |pmid=3564980 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | +
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |General
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Pruritic disorders|Pruritic rash]], [[urticaria]] and/or serpiginous [[Rash|macular rash]]
|Self-limited
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Psoriatic arthritis]]<ref name="pmid8076388">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oriente P, Biondi-Oriente C, Scarpa R |title=Psoriatic arthritis. Clinical manifestations |journal=Baillieres Clin Rheumatol |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=277–94 |year=1994 |pmid=8076388 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Small and large joints
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Psoriasis]] and [[onychodystrophy]]
|[[Dactylitis]] (sausage digits)
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Parvovirus B19|Human parvovirus B19 infection]]<ref name="pmid17384979">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaufmann J, Buccola JM, Stead W, Rowley C, Wong M, Bates CK |title=Secondary symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection in a healthy adult |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=877–8 |year=2007 |pmid=17384979 |pmc=2219874 |doi=10.1007/s11606-007-0173-9 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" |Small joints
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | -
|[[Erythematous rash|Erythematous rashes]]
|Rare in adults, [[Fifth disease|fifth's disease]] in children
|}
</small>
 


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]


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Latest revision as of 21:05, 20 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Rheumatoid arthritis must be differentiated from osteoarthritis , septic arthritis, reactive arthritis, behcet's disease and psoriatic arthritis.

Differentiating Rheumatoid arthritis from other Diseases

Abbreviations: ANA: Antinuclear antibody, RF: Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCp: Anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibody, Anti U1RNP: Anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein antibodies , Anti Sm : Anti-Sm antibodies, Anti Ro: Anti Ro antibody also called anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A antibody, Anti-dsDNA: Anti-double stranded DNA.

Disease Arthritis Auto-antibodies Raynaud phenomenon Rash pattern Distinguishing/specific features
Polyarthritis Tenderness Edema Deformity /Erosion Pattern ANA RF Anti-CCp Anti U1RNP Anti Sm Anti Ro Anti-dsDNA
Behçet's disease +/- +/- +/- - Medium and large joints - - - - - - - Recurrent and usually painful mucocutaneous ulcers, acneiform lesions, papulo-vesiculo-pustular eruptions, superficial thrombophlebitis Male dominancy
Systemic lupus erythematosus[1] + + + - Small joints ↑ - - - ↑ ↑ - + Malar rash and photosensitivity
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)[2] + + + + Small and large joints - ↑↑ ↑↑ - - - - + Subcutaneous nodules Erosive arthropathy
Rhupus[3] + + + + Small and large joints ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ - ↑ + Malar rash and photosensitivity Erosive arthropathy
Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)[4] - - - + Small and large joints - ↑↑ ↑ - - - - + Cutaneous eruptions, gottron’s papules, photodistributed erythema, poikiloderma, and calcinosis cutis Overlapping features of SLE, systemic sclerosis (SSc), and polymyositis (PM) that lead to more than one diagnosis
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)[5] + - - - Lower extremity ↑ ↑ - - ↑ - - + Erythematous macules, patches, or papules with delicate scale Multiple connective tissue diseases with no enough criteria for a single diagnosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc)[6] +/- + + +/- Lower extremity ↑↑ - - - ↑ - ↑ + Hyperkeratosis, edema, and erythema Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasias, Calcinosis, Malignant hypertension, acute renal failure
Sjögren’s syndrome[7] +/- +/- - - Lower extremity, axiallary creases ↑ - - - ↑ ↑ - - Xerosis, scaly skin, annular erythema Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Vasculitis Giant cell[8] - + + - Distal extremity - - - - - - - - Rare Involvement of cranial branches of arteries, visual loss
Takayasu[9] - +/- +/- - Transient extremity - - - - - - - Erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum Absent or weak peripheral pulse
Poly-arteritis nodosa[10] - +/- - - General and mild - - - - - - - Tender erythematous nodules, purpura, livedo reticularis, bullous or vesicular eruption Testicular pain or tenderness and neuropathies
Kikuchi’s disease[11] - +/- - - medium and large joints ↑/↓ - - - - - - - Transient skin rashes, malar rash, erythematous macules, patches, papules, or plaques May be associated with SLE
Serum sickness[12] + + +/- - General - - - - - - - - Pruritic rash, urticaria and/or serpiginous macular rash Self-limited
Psoriatic arthritis[13] - - - - Small and large joints - - - - - - - - Psoriasis and onychodystrophy Dactylitis (sausage digits)
Human parvovirus B19 infection[14] + + - - Small joints - - - - - - - - Erythematous rashes Rare in adults, fifth's disease in children


References

  1. ↑ Ehmke TA, Cherian JJ, Wu ES, Jauregui JJ, Banerjee S, Mont MA (2014). "Treatment of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 16 (9): 441. doi:10.1007/s11926-014-0441-8. PMID 25074031.
  2. ↑ Lee DM, Weinblatt ME (2001). "Rheumatoid arthritis". Lancet. 358 (9285): 903–11. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06075-5. PMID 11567728.
  3. ↑ Panush RS, Edwards NL, Longley S, Webster E (1988). "'Rhupus' syndrome". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (7): 1633–6. PMID 3382309.
  4. ↑ Cappelli S, Bellando Randone S, Martinović D, Tamas MM, Pasalić K, Allanore Y, Mosca M, Talarico R, Opris D, Kiss CG, Tausche AK, Cardarelli S, Riccieri V, Koneva O, Cuomo G, Becker MO, Sulli A, Guiducci S, Radić M, Bombardieri S, Aringer M, Cozzi F, Valesini G, Ananyeva L, Valentini G, Riemekasten G, Cutolo M, Ionescu R, Czirják L, Damjanov N, Rednic S, Matucci Cerinic M (2012). ""To be or not to be," ten years after: evidence for mixed connective tissue disease as a distinct entity". Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 41 (4): 589–98. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.07.010. PMID 21959290.
  5. ↑ Alarcón GS, Williams GV, Singer JZ, Steen VD, Clegg DO, Paulus HE, Billingsley LM, Luggen ME, Polisson RP, Willkens RF (1991). "Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease. I. Early clinical manifestation in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases compared with cohorts of well established connective tissue disease". J. Rheumatol. 18 (9): 1332–9. PMID 1757934.
  6. ↑ LeRoy EC, Black C, Fleischmajer R, Jablonska S, Krieg T, Medsger TA, Rowell N, Wollheim F (1988). "Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis". J. Rheumatol. 15 (2): 202–5. PMID 3361530.
  7. ↑ Roguedas AM, Misery L, Sassolas B, Le Masson G, Pennec YL, Youinou P (2004). "Cutaneous manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome are underestimated". Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 22 (5): 632–6. PMID 15485020.
  8. ↑ Bablekos GD, Michaelides SA, Karachalios GN, Nicolaou IN, Batistatou AK, Charalabopoulos KA (2006). "Pericardial involvement as an atypical manifestation of giant cell arteritis: report of a clinical case and literature review". Am. J. Med. Sci. 332 (4): 198–204. PMID 17031245.
  9. ↑ Lupi-Herrera E, Sánchez-Torres G, Marcushamer J, Mispireta J, Horwitz S, Vela JE (1977). "Takayasu's arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases". Am. Heart J. 93 (1): 94–103. PMID 12655.
  10. ↑ Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, Mahr A, Cohen P, Le Guern V, Bienvenu B, Mouthon L, Guillevin L (2010). "Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database". Arthritis Rheum. 62 (2): 616–26. doi:10.1002/art.27240. PMID 20112401.
  11. ↑ Kucukardali Y, Solmazgul E, Kunter E, Oncul O, Yildirim S, Kaplan M (2007). "Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: analysis of 244 cases". Clin. Rheumatol. 26 (1): 50–4. doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0230-5. PMID 16538388.
  12. ↑ Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P, Viander M (1986). "Serum-sickness-like disease is a common cause of acute arthritis in children". Acta Paediatr Scand. 75 (6): 964–9. PMID 3564980.
  13. ↑ Oriente P, Biondi-Oriente C, Scarpa R (1994). "Psoriatic arthritis. Clinical manifestations". Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 8 (2): 277–94. PMID 8076388.
  14. ↑ Kaufmann J, Buccola JM, Stead W, Rowley C, Wong M, Bates CK (2007). "Secondary symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection in a healthy adult". J Gen Intern Med. 22 (6): 877–8. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0173-9. PMC 2219874. PMID 17384979.

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