Retinitis physical examination

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ilan Dock, B.S.

Overview

Physical signs associated with retinitis will vary according to the underlying condition responsible for the disease. Genetic defects will result in a genetic disorder known as Retinitis pigmentosa. The presentation of this disorder is primarily visible in the degradation as well as degeneration of cone and rod cells.[1] Infectious agents will present physical manifestations according to the underlying cause of infection. These clinical manifestations will range for yellowish infiltrates to inflammation and lesions localized to specific areas of the eye.[2]

Physical Examination

The physical signs associated with retinitis are specific to the underlying cause of the disease. There are two distinct causes of retinitis, genetic disorders and infectious agents. Genetic disorders are commonly linked to physical degeneration. Degradation of cones and rod cells will serve as physical indicators of disease progression. Infectious agents are classified as parasitic, fungal or bacterial. Fungal agents are associated with the presence of circumscribed lesions, with potentially visible hyphae or yellowish infiltrates. Bacterial infections may be associated with retinal hemorrhaging as well as lesions in previously scarred areas.

Genetic

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Infectious Agents

Cytomegalovirus

Tuberculosis

Fungal

Candida albicans

Aspergillus fumigatus

  • Yellow subretinal infiltrates
  • Retinal infiltrates
  • Fungal hyphae are located throughout the eye - suggestive of pulmonary involvement[2]

Cryptococcus neoformans

Toxoplasmosis

  • Localized areas of infiltrate
  • Active lesions are adjacent to initial scarring[2]

Syphilis

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Retinitis Pigmentosa. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.genome.gov/13514348
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Infectious Retinitis: A Review. YACHNA AHUJA, MD · STEVEN M. COUCH, MD · RAYMUND R. RAZONABLE, MD · SOPHIE J. BAKRI, MD. http://www.retinalphysician.com/articleviewer.aspx?articleID=102293. Accessed April 13, 2016.

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