Papillary muscle rupture: Difference between revisions

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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
==Sources==
*Kyo S, Miyamoto N, Yokote Y, et al. [Papillary muscle rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction--treatment with mitral valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery in acute phase] Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1996 Jun; 44(6):874-81.
*Tavakoli R, Weber A, Vogt P, et al. Surgical management of acute mitral valve regurgitation due to post-infarction papillary muscle rupture. J Heart Valve Dis 2002 Jan; 11(1):20-5; discussion 26.
*Nunley DL, Starr A Papillary muscle rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction. Treatment with mitral valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery. Am J Surg 1983 May; 145(5):574-7.
*Goh K, Kubo Y, Sasajima T, et al. [Emergency CABG and mitral valve replacement for anterolateral papillary muscle rupture after acute myocardial infarction] Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1995 Jul; 43(7):1034-8.
*Yanagi H, Kondo J, Uchida K, et al. [A case of emergency surgery for acute mitral regurgitation due to complete papillary muscle rupture as complication of acute inferior myocardial infarction] Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998 Oct; 46(10):1014-9.
*Sasaki Y, Suehiro S, Shibata T, et al. [Mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting for postinfarction mitral papillary muscle rupture] Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1996 May; 44(5):697-701.
*Minakata K, Konishi Y, Matsumoto M, et al. [A case of scheduled mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation caused by papillary muscle rupture after acute myocardial infarction] Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1997 Apr; 45(4):639-44.
*Tepe NA, Edmunds LH Operation for acute postinfarction mitral insufficiency and cardiogenic shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985 Apr; 89(4):525-30.
*Ueno Y, Toba T, Ezaki H, et al. [Mitral valve replacement with concomitant coronary bypass for the papillary muscle rupture after acute myocardial infarction in situs inversus] Kyobu Geka 1992 Oct; 45(11):1031-4.
*Minami H, Mukohara N, Obo H, et al. Papillary muscle rupture following acute myocardial infarction. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004 Aug; 52(8):367-71.
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Revision as of 23:53, 15 April 2012

Papillary muscle rupture
Papillary Muscle Infarct with Rupture: Gross, an excellent example of ruptured papillary muscle.
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Papillary muscle rupture is an infrequent mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction. Early diagnosis is important so that surgical repair can be performed.

Pathophysiology

The vascularization of the papillary muscles shows many individual variations and depends in part on coronary artery anatomy and dominance. However, the posterior papillary muscle is vascularized by posterior left ventricular branches that may have origin in the right, left or both coronary arteries. The anterior papillary muscle is vascularized by branches from diagonal, circumflex or even acute marginal branches of the left coronary artery. Papillary muscle ischemia occurs along with ischemia of the adjacent ventricular wall.

  • Acute mitral regurgitation (as may occur due to the sudden rupture of a chordae tendineae or papillary muscle) causes a sudden volume overload of both the left atrium and the left ventricle.
  • The left ventricle develops volume overload because with every contraction it now has to pump out not only the volume of blood that goes into the aorta (the forward cardiac output or forward stroke volume), but also the additional blood that regurgitated into the left atrium (the regurgitant volume).
  • The combination of the forward stroke volume and the regurgitant volume is known as the total stroke volume of the left ventricle.
  • In the acute setting, the total stroke volume (i.e. the forward plus the regurgitant volume) is increased, but the forward cardiac output into the aorta is decreased because a proportion of the blood is going backward into the left atrium. The mechanism by which the total stroke volume is increased as a result of increased left ventricular filling is known as the Frank-Starling mechanism.

The regurgitant volume causes acute volume overload and pressure overload of the left atrium as shown in the figure below. The sudden increase in pressure in the left atrium is transmitted backward into the pulmonary vein which in turn reduces drainage of blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and raises the pulmonary capillary sedge pressure. This causes pulmonary congestion.

Pathological Findings

Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission. © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

Diagnosis

Symptoms

The symptoms of an acutely elevated wedge pressure due to papillary muscle rupture include dyspnea, PND, and orthopnea.

Physical Examination

Vitals

Tachycardia and hypotension are often present

Heart

  • A palpable thrill may be present
  • A harsh, not a blowing murmur is often present throughout the precordium

Lungs

Rales may be present

Echocardiographic Findings of Ruptured Papillary Muscle and Severe MR

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Chest X Ray

Pulmonary edema is present without enlargement of the heart.

Treatment

Acute mitral regurgitation secondary to left ventricular papillary muscle rupture or chordae tendineae rupture, is a medical and surgical emergency. Patients may present with acute pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock and most often the required and definitive treatment is valvular surgery. However, medical therapy may be needed to stabilize the patient until surgery can be performed.

Medical Therapy

Normotensive patients

Vasodilators may be of use to decrease the afterload and thereby decrease the regurgitant fraction. The vasodilator most commonly used is nitroprusside [1][2]. ACE inhibitors may be useful as oral therapy.

Hypotensive patients

Prior to the surgical procedure, an intra-aortic balloon pump may be placed in order to improve perfusion of the organs and to reduce afterload and thereby decrease the degree of mitral regurgitation [3].

In patients with acute mitral regurgitation secondary to myocardial ischemia/infarction, early coronary revascularization should be performed.

Surgical approach

Patients with rupture of the chordae tendineae or papillary muscle should undergo early mitral valve repair if possible which results in a better preservation of left ventricular function and long term survival in comparison to mitral valve replacement [4].

References

  1. Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Swan HJ, Berman G, Forrester J, Marcus HS (1973). "Beneficial effects of vasodilator agents in severe mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of subvalvar apparatus". Circulation. 48 (4): 684–90. PMID 4744778. Retrieved 2011-03-18. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. Harshaw CW, Grossman W, Munro AB, McLaurin LP (1975). "Reduced systemic vascular resistance as therapy for severe mitral regurgitation of valvular origin". Annals of Internal Medicine. 83 (3): 312–6. PMID 1180426. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  3. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS (2008). "2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 118 (15): e523–661. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748. PMID 18820172. Retrieved 2011-03-18. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Surgery Database. Available at : http://www.sts.org/documents/pdf/STSExecutiveSummaryFall2005.pdf. Accessed November 2005

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