Osteomyelitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Etiolgic agents of osteomyelitis can be classified in several ways.

Etiologies based on age group

Age group Most common organisms
Newborns (younger than 4 mo) S. aureus, Enterobacter species, and group A and B Streptococcus species
Children (aged 4 mo to 4 y) S. aureus, group A Streptococcus species, Haemophilus influenzae, and Enterobacter species
Children, adolescents (aged 4 y to adult) S. aureus (80%), group A Streptococcus species, H. influenzae, and Enterobacter species
Adult S. aureus and occasionally Enterobacter or Streptococcus species
Sickle cell anemia patients S. aureus remains the most common, but Salmonella species are common and fairly unique to sickle cell patients.[1]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Arterial insufficiency ulcer, Polyarteritis nodosa, Thrombophlebitis, Rheumatic fever
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic Cellulitis, Marjolin's ulcer, Fanconi like syndrome
Drug Side Effect Daptomycin, Flucloxacillin, Pergolide, Pramipexole
Ear Nose Throat Otitis
Endocrine Diabetic myonecrosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Gaucher disease,
Genetic Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, Gaucher disease, Infantile cortical hyperostosis, Pycnodysostosis, Thick skull syndrome
Hematologic Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myelocytic leukemia, Deep vein thrombosis, Multiple myeloma

Sickle cell disease,

Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease

Bacteria: Arcanobacterium, Bacteremia, Bacteroides, Brucellosis, Campylobacterium sputorum, Cat scratch disease,Congenital syphilis, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Group A streptococcal infection, HACEK organism,Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Melioidosis, Mycobacterium boenickei, Mycobacterium brisbanense,Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium goodii, Mycobacterium haemophilum, Mycobacterium houstonense,Mycobacterium lentiflavum, Mycobacterium neworleansense, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium wolinskyi,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas, Salmonellosis, Sepsis, Serratia,Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus pneumoniae,Streptococcus pyogenes, Trench fever, Treponema pallidum, Yaws,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Actinomycosis,Gas gangrene

Fungi: Apophysomyces, Candida albicans, Coccidioidomycosis, Sporotrichosis

Musculoskeletal / Ortho Albers-Schonberg disease, Avascular necrosis, Brodie abscess, Ewing sarcoma, Fracture

Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis, Osteosarcoma, Plantar fasciitis, SAPHO syndrome, Septic arthritis, Infantile cortical hyperostosis, Thick skull syndrome, Diabetic myonecrosis, Multiple myeloma

Neurologic Neuroblastoma, Neuropathic joint disease
Nutritional / Metabolic Gout, Pseudogout, Scurvy, Gaucher disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Cementoblastoma, Primary neuroectodermal tumors, Marjolin's ulcer, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute myelocytic leukemia, Multiple myeloma, Ewing sarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Neuroblastoma, Fanconi like syndrome
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Radium
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Fanconi like syndrome, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatic fever, Serum sickness, Synovial osteochondromatosis, Transient synovitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cephalhematoma, Nursemaid's elbow, Physical abuse
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Amyloidosis, Animal bite, Bedsore, Eagle syndrome, Ingrown nail

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. Burnett, M.W. (1998-02-01). "Etiology of osteomyelitis complicating sickle cell disease". Pediatrics. 101 (2): 296–297. PMID 9445507. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)

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